歴史暦:古今東西、今日の出來事

世界が心配、日本が心配、世界のなかの日本が心配

07/04:歴史は過去帳「各種の亡者たちの死に樣に引摺りこまれ、暑さを忘れ

Art of Heart ∈ 思考 69 空想 ∋ Word of World

歴史暦:古今東西 07/04 今日の出來事


今日、七月四日はアメリカ人もフシギがってゐますが、アメリカの大統領、その第二代の John Adams 173526 と第三代の Thomas Jefferson 174326 が同じ日に、しかもその日は五十年前に彼等が作りだした『アメリカ獨立宣言』を公布した日なのです。そのうへ、二人が死んだ五年後には五代目の James Monroe 175831 がこの日に亡くなってゐます。

それより、日本人の私にとってこの日は、日本を代表し象徴する義人である楠木正成129436とその弟の正季が湊川の戰に負けて、おたがひに刺しあって自決した日です。
その三年前には、鎌倉幕府が滅亡しました。

あ、それから、Louis Carroll のペンネイムで Alice's Adventures in Wonderland へと發展することになる作り話を Alice Liddell に即興でしてやった日でもあります。

南米を荒らしまはった惡名高きアルバラドが死んだ日でもあります。

撃墜王のリヒトフォウヘンが撃墜されて、死んだ日でもあります。

七人の侍』で若侍を演じた木村功が死んで日でもあります。

アメリカの歌曲家、フォスターがフシギな死に樣をした日でもあります。

しかし、今日もクソ暑い。

-362/0704:Battle of Mantinea:
The Thebans, led by Epaminondas, defeated the Spartans.

The Second Battle of Mantinea was fought on July 4, 362 BC between the Thebans, led by Epaminondas and supported by the Arcadians and the Boeotian league against the Spartans, led by King Agesilaus II and supported by the Eleans, Athenians, and Mantineans. The battle was to determine which of the two alliances would have hegemony over Greece. However, the death of Epaminondas and his intended successors coupled with the impact on the Spartans of yet another defeat weakened both alliances, and paved the way for Macedonian conquest led by Philip II of Macedon.


0414/0704:Roma、Emperor Theodosius II, age 13,
yields power to his older sister Aelia Pulcheria, who reigned as regent and proclaimed herself empress (Augusta) of the Eastern Roman Empire.


0836/0704:Pactum Sicardi is signed:
a peace treaty between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples, .


1054/0704:A supernova(called SN 1054)
is seen by Chinese Song dynasty, Arab, and possibly Amerindian observers near the star Zeta Tauri. 

For several months it remains bright enough to be seen during the day. Its remnants form the Crab Nebula.
この日から数ヶ月間、超新星SN1054は日中でも確認できるほどの光を放った。それが現在の「カニ星雲」。


{この寫眞には私には二人の男の姿が見える。まだ若い青い服の貴族の感じで。

1120/0704:Jordan II of Capua is anointed
as prince after his infant nephew's death.


1187/0704:The Crusades、Battle of Hattin:
Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem.

La bataille de Hattin ou bataille de Tibériade a lieu le 4 juillet 1187 près du lac de Tibériade, en Galilée.

1253/0704:Battle of West-Capelle:
John I of Avesnes defeats Guy of Dampierre.


1330/0704(元徳02/0618):02足利義詮133067、誕生

室町幕府、第二代將軍(足利尊氏130558の嫡男)



1333/0704(元弘03/0522):鎌倉幕府、滅亡

東勝寺での最後の決戦に敗れた鎌倉幕府の首脳陣、執權の北条高時130433を始め得宗北条氏の一族が自害して、鎌倉幕府が滅亡する。
The Hojo clan who formed the head part of the Kamakura shogunate who was defeated in the battle of Tohnoji tempered self-determined, the Kamakura shogunate was destroyed.

東勝寺は第三代執權の北条泰時118342が退耕行勇を開山として鎌倉の葛西ヶ谷に創建した北条氏の菩提寺

1331/08、後醍醐天皇笠置山で擧兵、これに楠木正成129436らが應じて、元弘の亂が始まる。鎌倉幕府が出兵、このなかには新田義貞130038も加はってゐた。楠木正成129436 が頑張ったが、09笠置山は陥落し、後醍醐天皇隠岐島へ配流となった。

一旦姿を消した正成が千早城で再挙、幕府軍は手こずる。これを見て、播磨で赤松則村が蜂起、四國の伊豫でも反亂が怒った。幕府は、足利尊氏130558に大軍を率ゐさせ、西國に向かはせる。
後醍醐天皇隠岐を脱出して船上山に現れ、四月には高氏が幕府に反旗を晝がし、六波羅探題を滅ぼし、都を制壓する。

05、上野に戻った義貞は生品明神で擧兵、東山道を西進し、鎌倉進撃を開始。途中の豪族も加はり、兵を増やしつゝ利根川を越えて武蔵に入る。そこで鎌倉を脱出してきた高氏の嫡子、千壽王と合流、鎌倉街道を直走る。

鎌倉では、北条泰家らに迎撃させるが、入間川・久米川の合戰で敗退。新田郡は鎌倉に迫った。


鎌倉方は各地で敗れ、鎌倉の七切通しを封鎖した。
新田軍は小袋坂・化粧坂・極樂寺坂の三方から攻撃することにした。
戰鬪は雙方相讓らず、膠着状態となった。
義貞は切通しからの突破を斷念し、干潮の稲村ヶ崎からの侵攻を試みた。これが效を奏した。

北条高時らは東勝寺に追ひ詰められ、そこで自害した。『太平記』によれば、自害者は二八三名の北条一族と家臣八七〇人。

1333/0704(正慶02=元弘03/0522):13北条基時128633、死去

1333/0704(正慶02=元弘03/0522):14北条高時130333、死去

1333/0704(正慶02=元弘03/0522):15北条貞顯127833、死去


1336/0704(建武03/0525):後醍醐戦争、湊川の戰、
楠木正成129436、弟の正季、自害して敗死。

 

この年の二月、北朝方の中心武將の足利尊氏130558は、後醍醐南朝方の新田義貞130038・楠木正成129436・北畠顯家131838らとの豊島河原合戰で敗れ九州へ落ちのびてゐた。そこで、正成は後醍醐天皇に、狀況が有利なうちに足利方との和睦を進言したが、後醍醐はこれを聽かず、義貞に高氏追討を命じた。正成はなほも和睦を進言したことで朝廷の不信を買ひ、追討軍から外され、國許での蟄居を命じられた。
義貞は播磨國で籠城する足利方の赤松則村127750の攻城に手間取り、さうかうしてゐるうちに高氏は態勢を立て直し、捲土重來を始めた。博多を高師直??1351らと發ち、備後の鞆津を經て、四國で細川・土岐・河野が率ゐる海軍と合流し、海路を東上してきた。これにより、撤退を餘儀なくされた新田軍に赤松勢が追撃、新田軍は算を亂し寝返りや投稿者を出しながら京都へと敗走、五月十三日に兵庫に着いた頃には兵は痩せ細ってゐた。
この報を受けた後醍醐は正成を頼った。正成は、足利軍を京都に引き入れて新田軍と楠木軍で挟撃する作戦を進言したが、近臣の坊門清忠が「たびたびの動座は體面が惡い」と却下。後醍醐も兵庫で決戰せよと正成に命じ、五月十六日、義貞への援軍となって正成は兵庫へ向かった。
二十四日、湊川で合流。義貞に朝廷での事を話し、その夜、二人は酒を酌み交はした。
翌日。水軍のない義貞は海からの備へに兵を割き、自身は和田岬に二萬五千の兵で布陣した。
正成は一族の七百餘騎で湊川の西の宿に布陣、陸地からの敵に備へた。
合戰が始まった。鬨の聲があちこちで上がり、敵味方入り亂れた。

以下の詳細な經過は『太平記』の活寫で史實としてはアテにならないが、
後世の日本人が愛好する悲劇の英雄の最後を正成正季は演じ、互ひに互ひを刺し貫いて戰死した。

1456/0704:Ottoman wars in Europe:
The Siege of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade) begins.


1534/0704:Christian III is elected King of Denmark & Norway.


1541/0704:Pedro de Alvarado 148541、死去

fue un adelantado y conquistador español que participó en la conquista de Cuba, en la exploración por Juan de Grijalva del golfo de México y de las costas de Yucatán, y en la conquista del Imperio azteca dirigida por Hernán Cortés.

黄金を欲しがる豚のやうな男」と云へば豚に失禮になる


1610/0704:Battle of Klushino
is fought between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia during the Polish–Muscovite War.


1623/0704:William Byrd 154023、死去

an English composer of the Renaissance. He wrote in many of the forms current in England at the time, including various types of sacred and secular polyphony, keyboard (the so-called Virginalist school), and consort music.


1635/0704(寛永12/0520):日本、江戸幕府、第三次鎖國令。
日本人の海外渡航渡航者の歸國・長崎以外への外國商船の入港を禁止。

The Edo Shogunate issued the Third Chaotoku Decree, banned overseas traveling to Japanese Southeast Asian countries, returning home visitors, and banning foreign merchant ships from outside Nagasaki.

1744/0704:Treaty of Lancaster,
in which the Iroquois cedes lands between the Allegheny Mountains & the Ohio River to the British colonies, was signed in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

 

1761/0704:Samuel Richardson 168961、死去

an 18th-century English writer and printer. He is best known for his three epistolary novels: Pamela: Or, Virtue Rewarded (1740), Clarissa: Or the History of a Young Lady (1748) and The History of Sir Charles Grandison (1753).


1767/0704(明和04/0609):曲亭馬琴176948、誕生

「Kyokutei Bakin」江戸時代の讀本作者、『南総里見八犬傳』など


1774/0704:Orangetown Resolutions are adopted
in the Province of New York, one of many protests against the British Parliament's Coercive Acts


1776/0704:American Revolution:
The United States Declaration of Independence is adopted by the Second Continental Congress.


1778/0704:American Revolutionary War:
American forces under George Clark capture Kaskaskia during the Illinois campaign.


1802/0704:At West Point, New York, the United States Military Academy opens.


1804/0704:Nathaniel Hawthorne 180464、誕生


Portrait of Nathaniel Hawthorne by Charles Osgood, 1841
 

1807/0704:Giuseppe Garibaldi 180782、誕生

Italian hero who contributed to the Kingdom of Italy


1826/0704:Stephen Forster 182664、誕生

known as "the father of American music"


1826/0704:Death of U.S Presidents
Thomas Jefferson 174326(3rd president of the United States)dies the same day as John Adams 173526(2nd president)on the fiftieth anniversary of the adoption of the United States Declaration of Independence.

1826/0704:Thomas Jefferson 174326、死去

 

1826/0704:John Adams 173526、死去

 
 
& 5th U.S President

1831/0704:James Monroe 175831、死去

 

1831/0704:Samuel Francis Smith writes "My Country, 'Tis of Thee" for the Boston, Massachusetts July 4 festivities.


1837/0704:Grand Junction Railway,
the world's first long-distance railway, opens between Birmingham and Liverpool.

The railroad company Grand Junction Railway takes on the train operation in England with steam locomotives on one of the first long-distance trains, the connection Birmingham-Warrington. She will take you to Liverpool.

1840/0704:RMS Britannia is the first ship to be used in the postal service.
The shipping company Cunard Line establishes regular steam ship connections between Liverpool and Halifax as well as Boston. 

 

1848/0704:François-René de Chateaubriand 176848、死去

un écrivain et homme politique français



1855/0704:Walt Whitman's book of poems "Leaves of Grass" is published In Brooklyn.


1862/0704:Alice 誕生:Lewis Carroll tells Alice Liddell a story that would grow into Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequels.

チャールズ・ラトウィッジ・ドジソン(ルイス・キャロル)がヘンリ・ジョウジ・リデルの三人の娘人とボウト遊びをした。その時に二番目のアリスに即興で話した話を、その後彼女への贈り物にするために手書きして『地下の国のアリス』(『不思議の国のアリス』の原型)と題した。


1863/0704:American Civil War: Siege of Vicksburg:
Vicksburg, Mississippi surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant after 47 days of siege. 150 miles up the Mississippi River, a Confederate Army is repulsed at the Battle of Helena, Arkansas.

 

1863/0704:American Civil War: The Army of Northern Virginia withdraws from the battlefield
after losing the Battle of Gettysburg, signalling an end to the Southern invasion of the North.


1868/0704(明治01/0515):日本、戊辰戦争: 上野戦争

Boshin war, battle in Ueno.


1872/0704:German Empire:Im Rahmen des Kulturkampfes,
verbietet die Jesuiten Gesetz die Anwesenheit von Jesuiteneinrichtungen auf dem Boden des Deutschen Reiches.

Under the Culture battle, the anti-Jesuit law prohibits the presence of Jesuit establishments on the soil of the German Empire.

1878/0704:Swedish polar explorer Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld & his Auxiliar sailor Vega are heading for the Arctic.
After hibernation in the pack ice, the first passage through the north-east passage will succeed.


1879/0704:Anglo-Zulu War:
The Zululand capital of Ulundi is captured by British troops and burned to the ground, ending the war and forcing King Cetshwayo to flee.


1886/0704:France offer the Statue of Liberty to the people of the USA.


1886/0704:Canadian Pacific Railway's first trans-continental trans-continental rail service reaches Port Moody in British Columbia.

 

1887/0704:The founder of Pakistan, Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, joins Sindh-Madrasa-tul-Islam, Karachi.


1888/0704:Hans Theodor Woldsen Storm 181788、死去

ein deutscher Schriftsteller, der als Lyriker und als Autor von Novellen und Prosa des deutschen Realismus mit norddeutscher Prägung bedeutend war. Im bürgerlichen Beruf war Storm Jurist.


1892/0704:Western Samoa changes the International Date Line,
causing Monday (July 4) to occur twice, resulting in a year with 367 days.


1894/0704:The short-lived Republic of Hawaii is proclaimed by Sanford B. Dole.


1898/0704:En route from New York to Le Havre, the ocean liner SS La Bourgogne collides with another ship and sinks off the coast of Sable Island, with the loss of 549 lives.


1902/0704:Philippine–American War is officially concluded.

セオドア・ルウズベルト米大統領が公式聲明。
→アメリカはフィリピン人による傀儡政権をつくり、日本の脅威に対処するために、クラクフィルドに極東最大の空軍基地を置き、フィリピン人12万人に軍事訓練を施した。

1904/0704:China、中國歷史上最後一次科舉考試。

The final enumeration will be implemented in history.

1910/0704:USA、African-American boxer Jack Johnson knocks out white boxer Jim Jeffries
in a heavyweight boxing match, sparking race riots across the United States.


1911/0704:USA、A massive heat wave strikes the northeastern United States,
killing 380 people in eleven days and breaking temperature records in several cities.


1913/0704:USA、President Woodrow Wilson addresses American Civil War veterans at the Great Reunion of 1913.


1913/0704:Der Chemiker Fritz Klatte erhält das Patent für seine Erfindung, den heute massenmäßig wichtigsten Kunststoff der Welt, das PVC(Polyvinyl chloride)

The chemist Fritz Klatte is granted the patent for his invention, today the most important plastic in the world, the PVC (polyvinyl chloride)

1914/0704:The funeral of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie takes place in Vienna,
six days after their assassinations in Sarajevo.


1918/0704:World War I: The Battle of Hamel,
a successful attack by the Australian Corps against German positions near the town of Le Hamel on the Western Front.


1919/0704:(The tragedy of Toledo)、Jack Dempsey defeats boxing world heavyweight champion Jess Willard in the third round TKO. 

 

1922/0704:Lothar von Richthofen 189422、死去

ein deutscher Jagdflieger im Ersten Weltkrieg


1927/0704:Sukarno & others will form Indonesian National Party in Indonesia.


1934/0704:Marie Curie 186734、死去

une physicienne et chimiste polonaise, naturalisée française.


1934/0704:Leo Szilard patents the chain-reaction design
that would later be used in the atomic bomb.


1938/0704:Suzanne Rachel Flore Lenglen Lenglen 189938、死去

une joueuse de tennis française. Surnommée « la Divine », elle fut la première star internationale du tennis féminin.



1939/0704:Louis Wain 186039、死去

猫好きな方へ、 ―― 猫好きな者より
 
The Man Who Drew Cats
 


Louis Wain: an English artist best known for his drawings, which consistently featured anthropomorphised large-eyed cats and kittens. In his later years he may have suffered from schizophrenia (although this claim is disputed), which, according to some psychiatrists, can be seen in his works.

H. G. Wells said of him, "He has made the cat his own. He invented a cat style, a cat society, a whole cat world. English cats that do not look and live like Louis Wain cats are ashamed of themselves." HGウェルズ云はく「彼は自身の猫をつくりあげた。猫のスタイル、社会、世界そのものを創造した。ルイスウェインが描く猫とは違ふイギリスの猫は、みづからを恥じてしかるべきである」。


最初のうち、發病する以前の彼の繪
そのうち、
妖怪變化していく

わらふのはオレたちじゃ、おまへらじゃねえ

1939/0704:USA、MBL、Lou Gehrig,
recently diagnosed with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, informs a crowd at Yankee Stadium that he considers himself "The luckiest man on the face of the earth", then announces his retirement from major league baseball.


1939/0704:Huỳnh Phú Sổ founds Hòa Hảo Buddhism.


1941/0704:Nazi troops massacre Polish scientists & writers
in the captured Ukrainian city of Lviv.


1941/0704:WWⅡ、The Burning of the Riga synagogues:
The Great Choral Synagogue in German occupied Riga is burnt with 300 Jews locked in the basement.


1942/0704:WWⅡ、The 250-day Siege of Sevastopol in the Crimea ends when the city falls to Axis forces.


1943/0704:WWⅡ、Battle of Kursk,
the largest full-scale battle in history and the world's largest tank battle, begins in Prokhorovka village.


1943/0704:WWⅡ、In Gibraltar, a Royal Air Force B-24 Liberator bomber crashes into the sea
in an apparent accident moments after takeoff, killing 16 passengers on board, including general Władysław Sikorski(the commander-in-chief of the Polish Army & the Prime Minister of the Polish government-in-exile)only the pilot survives.


1946/0704:Kielce pogrom against Jewish Holocaust survivors in Poland.


1946/0704:Philippines attains full independence from the United States; after 381 years of near-continuous colonial rule by various powers.


1947/0704:India & Pakistan:"Indian Independence Bill"
is presented before the British House of Commons, proposing the independence of the Provinces of British India into two sovereign countries: India & Pakistan.


1949(昭和24)/0704:敗戰後日本、國鐵が第一次人員整理(30700人)を發表。

JNR announces the first staff rearrangement (30,700 people). Thereafter, cases involving the JNR settled frequently.

1949(昭和24)/0704:敗戰後日本、アプレゲエル犯罪:金融業の
光クラブ」が『物価統制令』『銀行法』違反容疑で捜査、經營者の山崎晃嗣を逮捕。

Investigated the financial industry "Hikari Club" on charges of violating "Price Control Order" & "Banking Law". Arrested manager Yosaki Koji.

1950(昭和25)/0704:日本、『結社の自由及び団結権の保護に関する条約(ILO87号条約)』が發効。日本の發効日は1966/0614。

Convention on the protection of freedom of association and the right to organize (the ILO No. 87 Convention) has come into force.

1951/0704:William Shockley announces the invention of the junction transistor.


1954/0704:USA、In Cleveland, Ohio, Murder of Shepard that will be the draft of the tv-drama "Fugitive".


1961/0704:On its maiden voyage, the Soviet nuclear-powered submarine K-19 suffers a complete loss of coolant to its reactor. The crew are able to effect repairs, but 22 of them die of radiation poisoning over the following two years.


1965(昭和40)/0704:二年前の『吉展ちゃん誘拐事件』の容疑者、営利誘拐罪と恐喝罪の容疑で逮捕。

2年前に発生した吉展ちゃん誘拐事件の犯人が営利誘拐罪と恐喝罪容疑で逮捕。
Two years ago, the criminal of the "kidnappe kidnapping" incident was arrested for kidnapping and extortion charges.

1966/0704:U.S. President Lyndon Johnson signs the Freedom of Information Act into United States law. 


1967(昭和42)/0704:日本、首都高速都心環状線が全通。

Tokyo Metropolitan Expressway, the city center line is fully opened.

1976/0704:Israeli commandos raid Entebbe airport in Uganda, rescuing all but 4 of the passengers and crew of an Air France jetliner seized by Palestinian terrorists.


1980/0704:Gregory Bateson 190480、死去

Where others might see a set of inexplicable details, Bateson perceived simple relationships. In "From Versailles to Cybernetics," Bateson argues that the history of the twentieth century can be perceived as the history of a malfunctioning relationship. In his view, the Treaty of Versailles exemplifies a whole pattern of human relationships based on betrayal and hate. He therefore claims that the treaty of Versailles and the development of cybernetics—which for him represented the possibility of improved relationships—are the only two anthropologically important events of the twentieth century.

「メタ・メッセージ」を提唱した。メタ・メッセージとは、メッセージには元となるメッセージの中にそれを説明するメッセージが込められているということである。また、ベイトソンはメタ・メッセージを読み取るコミュニケーションを「メタ・コミュニケーション」と呼んだ。

1981/0704:木村功192381、死去

日本の男優、黒澤明の『野良犬』や『七人の侍』で印象的な若者を演じた

 

1982/0704:3 Iranian diplomats & a journalist are kidnapped in Lebanon by Phalange forces almost 34 years ago, and their fate remains unknown.


1987/0704:In France, former Gestapo chief Klaus Barbie (a.k.a. the "Butcher of Lyon") is convicted of crimes against humanity and sentenced to life imprisonment.

フランスで、「リヨンの虐殺者」と呼ばれた元ナチス親衛隊大尉のクラウス・バルビに終身禁固刑の判決。

1992/0704:Astor Piazzolla 192192、死去

アルゼンチン・タンゴの演奏家&作曲家(『リベルタンゴ』などの

1994/0704:Rwandan Genocide: Kigali(the Rwandan capital)is captured by the Rwandan Patriotic Front, ending the genocide in the city.


1997/0704:NASA's Pathfinder space probe lands on the surface of Mars.


1998/0704:Japan launches the Nozomi probe to Mars, joining the United States & Russia as a space exploring nation.


2012/0704:Discovery of particles consistent with the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider is announced at CERN.


2016/0704:Abbas Kiarostami 194016、死去

イランの映画監督・脚本家・写真家。ペルシア語表記は عباس کیارستمی 「アッバース・キヤーロスタミー」と発音する





Art of Heart ∈ 思考 69 空想 ∋ Word of World




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