01/08：今日の歴史はイタリア特集「マルコポウロにジョット、ガリレイ、コレルリが死んだ日

Art of Heart ∈ 思考 69 空想 ∋ Word of World

今日が命日のイタリアの画家、Giotto di Bondone 126737 の『ユダの接吻』

歴史暦：古今東西　０１／０８　今日の出來事

今日は「イタリアの日」と呼びたくなるほど、イタリアの著明な文化人が多く死去してゐた ――
東方への最初の大旅行家、Marco Polo 125424
西洋絵画の父とも呼ぶべき、Giotto di Bondone 126737
西洋科學の父とも呼ぶべき、Galileo Galilei 156242
西洋音樂の父の一人とも呼ぶべき、Arcangelo Corelli 165313

0307/0108：中國[晋] 惠帝025907、崩去（毒殺？）

晉惠帝「司馬衷」，字「正度」，是晉武帝「司馬炎」的次子，西晉的第二位皇帝，290年至306年在位。在他的統治期間發生了八王之亂，西晉走向滅亡。
Jin Hui Di Secretary Ma Zhong is the second son of Emperor Sima Jin, Western Jin Dynasty, the second emperor, 290 to 306 years in office. During the reign of Emperor Hachijin, the Western Jin Dynasty drowned. Jin Huidi, Chinese Emperor of the Jin dynasty, is poisoned and succeeded by Jin Huaidi.

 

0306光熙01/11、八王の亂最中の洛陽の顕陽殿で、麺餅（穀物粉を主体とした軽食類）を食べて頓死した。あるいは東海王司馬越に毒殺されたのだとも云はれる。

 

0387/0108：マヤ、Siyaj K'ak' conquers Waka 

Siyaj K'ak' , also known as Fire is Born (formerly nicknamed "Smoking Frog"), was a prominent political figure mentioned in the glyphs of Classic Period Maya civilization monuments, principally Tikal (which he conquered on January 16, 378), as well as Uaxactun and the city of Copan. Epigraphers originally identified him by the nickname "Smoking Frog", a description of his name glyph, but later deciphered it as Siyaj K'ak' meaning "Fire is born."
He is believed to have been the general of the Teotihuacano ruler Spearthrower Owl.

0645/0108(貞観18/1205)：China[唐]、玄奘三藏の歸國
玄奘三蔵、佛教經典を求めての十六年の西域遍歴から歸國

 Returned from a trip in the western region where Tang 's Buddhist monk, Xuanba traveled for Buddhist scriptures. Six years have passed. 

歸國した彼には、今度は持ち歸った膨大な佛教經典の漢譯といふ難行が待ってゐた。

0871/0108：イングランド、バイキングの驅逐
Alfred the Great leads a West Saxon army to repel an invasion by Danelaw Vikings. At the Battle of Ashdown, the King of Wessex, Æthelred, defeats the invasion army of the Danish Nordmanns. 

1037/0108(景祐03/1219)：中國の文人 蘇軾103601、誕生

北宋文學家、政治家、藝術家、醫學家。字「子瞻」「號東坡居士」。
嘉佑二年進士，累官至端明殿學士兼翰林院侍讀學士，禮部尚書。南宋理學方熾時，加賜諡號文忠，複追贈太師。有『東坡先生大全集』及『東坡樂府』詞集傳世，宋人王宗稷收其作品，編有『蘇文忠公全集』。
蘇洵の一男で、弟に蘇轍あり。この三人に、韓愈076824･柳宗元077319･柳宗元･歐陽脩100772･曽鞏･王安石102186　を加へた八人を「唐宋八大家」と呼びならはしてゐる。

1198/0108：ロウマ教會、教皇にインノケンティウス三世を選出
Election du pape Innocent III (Lotario Conti, de son vrai nom).

Pope at the height of the Pope 's heyday, famous for having intervened in Western politics　教皇権全盛期時代の教皇で、西欧諸国の政治に介入したことで有名

 

1297/0108：グリマルディ王朝（モナコ公國）の誕生
Naissance de la dynastie Grimaldi, celle de l'actuelle famille régnante de la principauté de Monaco.

François Grimaldi, disguised as a monk, leads his men to capture the fortress protecting the Rock of Monaco, establishing his family as the rulers of Monaco.

1324/0108：イタリアの旅行家 Marco Polo 125424、死去

un ambasciatore, scrittore, viaggiatore e mercante italiano. La sua famiglia apparteneva al patriziato veneziano.
He studied commercial transactions with his father Niccolo Polo and his uncle Maffeio Polo, he left for Asia with his father and uncle in 1271 and traveled throughout Asia for the next 24 years. After returning to Italy, he volunteered for a war with Genoa and was imprisoned as a prisoner of war, where he talked about a trip to prisoners and this later became "Devisement du monde".

Viaggi dei tre Polo in Asia

 

1337/0108：イタリアの画家 Giotto di Bondone 126737、死去

Giotto da Bondone, forse diminutivo di Ambrogio, Ambrogiotto o Angiolo, conosciuto semplicemente come Giotto è stato un pittore e architetto italiano.
Il suo stile pittorico è classificato come tardo gotico e un grande artista che ha aperto la strada al Rinascimento italiano
彼は生前から巨匠としての名声は得てゐたことは、十六世紀後半の画家にしてイタリアルネサンス期の藝術家の傳記作者にもなった Giorgio Vasari 151174 の著書で「それまでのビザンティン美術を徹底的に打ち壊し、洗練して現実味あふれる絵画をイタリアにもたらした」と絶賛した。

彼の「青」には魅惑された

 

1354/0108：フランス、宮中暗殺事件
Assassinat de Charles de La Cerda.

Le 8 janvier 1354, Philippe de Navarre, frère de Charles II de Navarre dit « Charles le Mauvais », assassine le connétable de France Charles de La Cerda, dit « Charles d'Espagne », dans une auberge de la ville de L'Aigle.

 

 

 

1454/0108：R教皇、ポルトガルの南アフリカでの排他的貿易について、
The papal bull Romanus Pontifex awards the Kingdom of Portugal exclusive trade and colonization rights to all of Africa south of Cape Bojador.

1499/0108：フランス、ルイXII 結婚 アンヌブルタニュ
Mariage de Louis XII de France et d'Anne de Bretagne.

Le roi de France Louis XII. et Anne de Bretagne se marient dans la chapelle du château de Nantes.

1556/0108(弘治01/1127)：日本の戰國大名 上杉景勝155623、誕生

Uesugi Kagekatsu fut un daimyo actif pendant la période Sengoku et le début de la période Edo au Japon. Il naquit le 8 janvier 1556 et mourut à Yonezawa le 19 avril 1623.
Il était un fils de Nagao Masakage. Il était un neveu et le fils adoptif de Kenshin Uesugi, par conséquent un membre du puissant clan Uesugi. Après la mort de Kenshin en 1578, Kagekatsu attaqua Kagetora Uesugi et l'ayant vaincu prit la tête du clan.

同じ長尾家出身の叔父、上杉謙信153078の養子となり、名を上杉景勝と改めた。謙信の死後、上杉家の家督相続を争った御館の亂で勝ち、謙信の後継者として上杉家の当主となった。
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1642/0108：イタリアの科學者 Galileo Galilei 156242、死去

un fisico, astronomo, filosofo e matematico italiano, considerato il padre della scienza moderna. Il suo nome è associato a importanti contributi in dinamica e in astronomia (legati al perfezionamento del telescopio, che gli permise importanti osservazioni astronomiche) oltre all'introduzione del metodo scientifico (detto spesso metodo galileiano o metodo scientifico sperimentale).

　Fasi della Luna disegnate da Galileo nel 1616

1673/0108(寛文12/1121)：吉田光由159873、死去

Yoshida Mitsuyoshi, aussi connu sous le nom Yoshida Kōyū, est un mathématicien japonais de l'époque d'Edo. Son travail publié populaire et largement diffusé fait de lui l'écrivain sur les mathématiques le plus connu de son époque.
京都の豪商角倉家の一員として誕生、角倉了以155414 は外祖父にあたる。初の和算家と云はれる毛利重能に師事した後、一族の角倉素庵のもとで中國の数学者、程大位153306の『算法統宗』を研究、それをもとに『塵劫記』1628寛永05を出版した。

1679/0108：

René Robert Cavelier de La Salle atteint les chutes du Niagara.
https://is.gd/oApDdv

1687/0108：

When conducting a new motet Jean-Baptiste Lully beats the baton in the foot. It develops gangrene and because he refuses to have a toe amputated, the composer dies of it a few weeks later.

1697/0108：Thomas Aikenhead 167697、神聖冒瀆の罪で處刑

Execution of Thomas Aikenhead in Scotland for blasphemy.

# Thomas Aikenhead 167697 was a Scottish student from Edinburgh, who was prosecuted and executed at the age of 20 on a charge of blasphemy.
He was the last person in Britain to be executed for blasphemy.
This was 85 years after the death of Edward Wightman (1612), the last person to be burned at the stake for heresy in England.

1712/0108(正徳01/1201)：日本の儒學者 淺見絅齋165212、死去

Conjugologues à l'époque d'Edo au Japon.
近江國に誕生。山崎闇齋161882に入門し、後に崎門三傑の一人に數へられる。が、
後年、闇齋の垂加神道には同意しなかったために疎遠となったが、闇齋の死後に悔悟し、闇齋の所説を説くに到った。
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彼の尊王斥覇論は徹底したもので、彼が著述した『靖献遺言』は幕末から維新にかけての志士たちの聖書の一つとなった。

1713/0108：イタリアの音樂家 Arcangelo Corelli 165313、死去

un compositore e violinista italiano del periodo barocco.
Considerato tra i più grandi compositori del periodo barocco, fondamentale fu il suo contributo allo sviluppo della forma della sonata strumentale e del concerto grosso, che portò ad un alto livello di equilibrio e perfezione formale.

彼の前半生についてはまったく不明である。
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Corelli.jpg
1675、二十二歳のコレッリはロウマに來て、教會のヴァイオリン奏者となった。數年後には指揮者となった。それを聞いたフランス人は「世界の第一人者の演奏家」と評した。
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この後、コレッリはドイツへ行った。1681、バイエルン選帝侯の宮廷の樂師となった。
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1735/0108：ロンドンでヘンデルの『アリオダンテ』初演
Premiere performance of George Frideric Handel's Ariodante at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden.

1745/0108：第二次シレジアン戦争、合從連衡
Alliance of England, Austria, Saxony and the United Provinces against Prussia.

In a quadruple alliance, during the Second Silesian War, Austria, Great Britain, the Republic of the Seven United Provinces and Saxons met in Warsaw to contain Prussian expansion. The closed alliance becomes obsolete in the same year by the peace of Dresden.

1746/0108：第二次ジャコバイト蜂起
Second Jacobite rising: Bonnie Prince Charlie occupies Stirling.

1761/0108：インドで、
Capitulation de la garnison française de Pondichéry.

1775/0108：イギリスの活字作者 John Baskerville 170675、死去

an English businessman, in areas including japanning and papier-mâché, but he is best remembered as a printer and type designer.
His printed works for the University of Cambridge in 1758 and, printed a splendid folio Bible in 1763. His typefaces were greatly admired by Benjamin Franklin, a printer and fellow member of the Royal Society of Arts, who took the designs back to the newly created United States, where they were adopted for most federal government publishing.

1780/0108：中央アジアのトビリスで地震
Tabriz and the surrounding region are devastated by a severe earthquake. At least 50,000 people die from the forces of nature.

 

# タブリズ（ペルシア語: تبریز; Tabrīz）はイラン北西部の都市。東アゼルバイジャン州の州都。人口は約140万人でイラン四番目。

1789/0108：イギリスの運動家 Jack Broughton 170489、死去

an English bare-knuckle boxer.
He was the first person to codify a set of rules to be used in such contests; prior to this the "rules" that existed were very loosely defined and tended to vary from contest to contest. His seven rules of how boxing would be conducted at his amphitheatre (the largest and most influential at that time) evolved later into the London Prize Ring rules which are widely regarded as the foundation stone of the sport that would become boxing, prior to the development of the Marquess of Queensberry rules in the 1860s.

1790/0108：USA、最初の大統領年頭教書
George Washington delivers the first State of the Union address in New York City.

1796/0108：フランスで二度目の軍隊再編成
deuxième amalgame de l'armée Française.

1806/0108：イギリス、フランスに勝って重要な植民地を入手
Cape Colony becomes a British colony.

Britain conquers the Cape Colony, which was returned to the Batavian Republic in 1803, after the resumption of fighting with Napoleonic France and its allies, and turns it into a British colony to secure the sea route to India.

1811/0108：USA、ルイジアナで奴隷反亂、失敗
An unsuccessful slave revolt is led by Charles Deslondes in St. Charles and St. James, Louisiana.

1814/0108：オウストリアとナポリ「同盟」調印、
Signature d'un traité d'alliance entre l'Autriche et Naples. C'est ce qu'on appelle la « trahison de Murat ».

1815/0108：USA「War of 1812: Battle of New Orleans」
 Andrew Jackson leads American forces in victory over the British.

Unaware of the signing of the Ghent peace treaty, US militia forces under Andrew Jackson defeat a British invasion force led by Sir Edward Michael Pakenham at the Battle of New Orleans. This ends the so-called "War of 1812".

1823/0108：イギリスの科學者 Alfred Russel Wallace 182313、誕生

a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, and biologist.
He is best known for independently conceiving the theory of evolution through natural selection; his paper on the subject was jointly published with some of Charles Darwin's writings in 1858.
This prompted Darwin to publish his own ideas in On the Origin of Species. Wallace did extensive fieldwork, first in the Amazon River basin and then in the Malay Archipelago, where he identified the faunal divide now termed the Wallace Line, which separates the Indonesian archipelago into two distinct parts: a western portion in which the animals are largely of Asian origin, and an eastern portion where the fauna reflect Australasia.

1825/0108：アメリカの發明家 Eli Whitney 176525、死去

an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. This was one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the Antebellum South.
アメリカの発明家。綿繰り機、フライス盤を発明

Cotton Gin Patent. It shows sawtooth gin blades, which were not part of Whitney's original patent.

1828/0108：USA「民主党」組織化
The Democratic Party of the United States is organized.

1830/0108：ドイツの指揮者 Hans von Bülow 183094、誕生

ein deutscher Klaviervirtuose, Dirigent und Kapellmeister des 19. Jahrhunderts.
現在の職業指揮者の先駆的存在。彼が登場するまで、作曲家は演奏家や指揮者を兼ねてゐることが多かった。彼はまた音樂評論でも活躍した、多分に保守的な見解であったが。

1835/0108：USAの國家の負債がゼロになる（唯一の事例）
The United States national debt is zero for the only time.

1836/0108：オランダの画家 Lawrence Alma-Tadema 183612、誕生

a Dutch painter of special British denizenship.
He is a painter of the Victorian era, have drawn realistic paintings on the theme of history such as ancient Rome, ancient Greece, ancient Egypt, and had a great influence on Hollywood's early history films.

The Roses of Heliogabalus (1888)

1856/0108：USAで初めて「borax deposit」を發見
Chemist John A. Veatch discovers the first borax deposit in the United States.

1863/0108：USAの地理學者 Ellen Churchill Semple 186332、誕生

an American geographer and the first female president of the Association of American Geographers. She contributed significantly to the early development of the discipline of geography in the United States, particularly studies of human geography. She is most closely associated with work in anthropogeography and environmentalism, and the debate about "environmental determinism".
The achievements of Semple are deeply involved in human geography (human geography) and environmental theory.

「人間は地表の産物である」という書き出しから始まり、

1863/0108：American Civil War: Second Battle of Springfield

1877/0108：USA、Indian War「CrazyHorse 最後の戰ひ」
Crazy Horse and his warriors fight their last battle against the United States Cavalry at Wolf Mountain, Montana Territory.

1878/0108：ロシアの詩人 Nikolaï Nekrassov 182178、死去

(Николай Алексеевич Некрасов), русский поэт, писатель и публицист, классик русской литературы un poète russe, écrivain, critique et éditeur associé de Vissarion Bielinski et auteur du célèbre poème intitulé Les Femmes de Russie (1871-72).

帝政ロシア時代の詩人、雑誌編集者。彼の詩や評論は、ナロドニキにもっとも好まれ、その後のロシア革命家の気分を形づくり、マヤコフスキやエフトゥシェンコにすら影響を及ぼした、と云はれる。

1889/0108：USA、ホレリスが「パンチカアドシステム」の特許を取得
Herman Hollerith registers the patent for a system for processing punched cards and thus establishes the machine data processing.

 

1892/0108：日本の詩人 堀口大學189281、誕生

Horiguchi Daigaku est un traducteur de littérature française et poète japonais des ères Taishō et Shōwa. Il est crédité de l'introduction du surréalisme français dans la poésie japonaise, et de la traduction d'œuvres de plus de 66 auteurs français en japonais.
「大學」は本名。出生時、父が大學生に生まれたのと場所が東京帝大の近所だったことから。
母が二十三歳で早世し祖母に育てられる。朝鮮に渡った父は閔妃暗殺事件に連座して失脚し、後事を京城在任以来の知己である与謝野鉄幹に託した。
1909、上京して慶應義塾大學に入學、與謝野鐵幹187335から当時慶應の教授であった永井荷風187959への推薦もあって『三田文學』に投稿を始め、佐藤春夫189264と知己となる。
｛ま、かういふ幸運な偶然が重ならないと
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1893/0108：まだまだ見付かる島々
As part of the Dundee Whaling Expedition, the ship's captain Thomas Robertson discovers an island in the Weddell Sea, to which he gives the name Dundee Island.

1896/0108：フランスの詩人 Paul Verlaine 184496、死去

un écrivain et poète français

Il s'essaie à la poésie et publie son premier recueil, Poèmes saturniens en 1866, à 22 ans.
Sa vie est bouleversée quand il rencontre Arthur Rimbaud en septembre 1871. Leur vie amoureuse tumultueuse et errante en Angleterre et en Belgique débouche sur la scène violente où, à Bruxelles, Verlaine blesse superficiellement au poignet celui qu'il appelle son « époux infernal » : jugé et condamné, il reste en prison jusqu'au début de 1875, renouant avec le catholicisme de son enfance et écrivant des poèmes qui prendront place dans ses recueils suivants : Sagesse (1880), Jadis et Naguère (1884) et Parallèlement (1889). Usé par l'alcool et la maladie, Verlaine meurt à 51 ans, le 8 janvier 1896, d'une pneumonie aiguë. Il est inhumé à Paris au cimetière des Batignolles (11e division).

Arthur Rimbaud を撃った銃、5260万円で落札　国際ニュース：AFPBB News

1910/0108：フランス、ルルウの『オペラ座の怪人』最終卷、發表
La dernière partie du roman de Gaston Leroux, Le Fantôme de l'Opéra, paraît dans le journal Le Gaulois.

1912/0108：アフリカ国民議會、設立
The African National Congress is founded.

naissance de l'ANC (African National Congress), parti politique d’Afrique du Sud.
In South Africa's Bloemfontein, the South African Native National Congress, the predecessor organization of the African National Congress, is founded in South Africa because of the discrimination and oppression of black people.

1914/0108：世界初、癌治療に「ラジウム」使用
First use of radium to cure cancer.

1914/0108：フランス、サラベルナアルにレジオンドヌル勳章
Sarah Bernhardt est décorée de la Légion d'honneur.

1918/0108：USA大統領「十四ヶ条の平和原則」公表
U.S. President Woodrow Wilson announces his "Fourteen Points" for the aftermath of World War I.

In his 14-point program, US President Woodrow Wilson describes the post-World War I peace plan he plans in Europe in front of both houses of the US Congress. A key point here is the right of peoples to self-determination.

1920/0108：The steel strike of 1919 ends
 in a complete failure for the Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel and Tin Workers labor union.

1923/0108：フランスのルウル占領
Occupation française de la Ruhr.

1925/0108：日本の牧師 植村正久185825、死去

Uemura Masahisa est un pasteur, théologien et critique japonais des ères Meiji et Taishō
日本のキリスト教の牧師、説教家。明治期の日本のキリスト教教会の形成に大きな役割を果たした植村は、田村直臣･松村介石･内村鑑三とともにキリスト教界の「四村」と呼ばれた。日本基督教会、日本のプロテスタントの指導者であり、後の日本のプロテスタントにも大きな影響を及ぼした。

 

1926/0108：ベトナム、最後となる國王卽位
Crown Prince Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thuỵ ascends the throne, the last monarch of Vietnam.

バオダイが阮朝最後の皇帝に即位。

1927/0108：Japan、部落民解放運動「日本水平社」結成

1932/0108：Japan、天皇襲撃の「桜田門事件」發生

# 昭和天皇の暗殺を狙った襲撃事件で、四事件ある大逆事件の最後となった事件。犯人は朝鮮出身者の李奉昌で、天皇への大逆罪に問はれ、死刑となった。

1934/0108：Japan「京都駅跨線橋転倒事故」

京都駅構内で呉海兵団入営臨時列車の見送りの齋に圧死事故が發生

1935/0108：USAの歌手 Elvis Presley 193577、誕生

an American singer, musician, and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is often referred to as the "King of Rock and Roll" or simply "the King".

1936/0108：
Kashf-e hijab decree is enforced by Reza Shah ordering the police to physically remove the Hijab from any woman in public.

1940/0108：フィンランドvsソ連
The Battle of Suomussalmi in the Winter War ends with success for the Finnish troops. They succeed in thwarting the Soviet attempt to disrupt Finland's transport links to Sweden.

1941/0108：ボウイスカウト創立者 Robert Baden-Powell 185741、死去

a British Army officer, writer, author of Scouting for Boys which was an inspiration for the Scout Movement, founder and first Chief Scout of The Boy Scouts Association and founder of the Girl Guides.

1941/0108：WWⅡ、Japan「戦陣訓」布告

戦陣訓全文

1942/0108：Joseph Franklin Rutherford 186942、死去

also known as "Judge" Rutherford, was the second president of the incorporated Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. He played a primary role in the organization and doctrinal development of Jehovah's Witnesses, which emerged from the Bible Student movement established by Charles Taze Russell.
現在の『ものみの塔』誌の姉妹誌である『目ざめよ!』の先がけとして『黄金時代』誌（後に『慰め』と改名）を創刊した。クリスマス会や誕生日会を廃し、十字架を退け、地上での永遠の命の希望を持つ大群衆の存在を示し、「エホバの証人」という名称を採用したのは彼である。

1942/0108：Stephen Hawking 1942--、誕生

an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, author and Director of Research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology within the University of Cambridge.
His scientific works include a collaboration with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in the framework of general relativity and the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often called Hawking radiation. Hawking was the first to set out a theory of cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. He is a vigorous supporter of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics

1942/0108：小泉純一郎1942--、誕生

Koizumi Jun'ichirō is a Japanese politician who was the 56th Prime Minister of Japan from 2001 to 2006. He retired from politics when his term in parliament ended in 2009, and is the sixth longest serving PM in Japanese history.

｛この人、プレスリがアイドルだったらしいが、自分がプレスリと同じ一月八日の生まれだったことを識ってゐたのだらうか。

1942/0108：WWⅡ、連合國、日本包圍網、摸索
In order to stop the Japanese advance in the Pacific War, the Allies found the joint command ABDACOM in Singapore.

1945/0108：WWⅡ、日米太平洋戰爭、フィリピン
Philippine Commonwealth troops under the Philippine Commonwealth Army units enter the province of Ilocos Sur in Northern Luzon and attack Japanese Imperial forces.

1947/0108：イギリスの歌手 David Bowie 194716、誕生

an English singer, songwriter and actor. He was a leading figure in popular music for over five decades, acclaimed by critics and other musicians for his innovative work.
He emerged as a pioneer of gram rock and gains worldwide fame in the field of popular music. We also advanced to the actor's world, and have received numerous awards

1948/0108：ドイツの藝術家 Kurt Schwitters 188748、死去

ein deutscher Künstler, Maler, Dichter, Raumkünstler und Werbegrafiker, der unter dem Kennwort MERZ ein dadaistisches „Gesamtweltbild“ entwickelte.
Seine Werke umfassen die Stilrichtungen Konstruktivismus, Surrealismus und Dadaismus, dem sie aber nur durch Gegensätzlichkeit ähnlich waren. Aus heutiger Sicht zählt Schwitters zu den einflussreichsten Künstlern des frühen 20. Jahrhunderts.

彼は「ダダイスム」「構成主義」「ュルレアリスム」など近代の様々な芸術運動に參加し、絵画以外の表現分野、詩や音響、彫刻、グラフィックデザイン、タイポグラフィ、パフォマンスなどさまざまな手法を試みた。
最も有名な作品群は、廃物などを利用したコラジュ「メルツ絵画」であるが、その他にもインスタレイションの先駆けと言える「メルツ建築」（メルツバウ、Merzbau）、サウンドアートの先駆けと言える音響詩「ウルソナタ」（Ursonate）など

1949/0108：日本の軍人 梅津美治郎188249、死去

日本の陸軍軍人。最終階級は陸軍大将。
Umezu Yoshijirō was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II. He was convicted of war crimes and sentenced to life imprisonment.

極東国際軍事裁判（東京裁判）で終身刑の判決を受け、服役中に獄中死。
1944年（昭和19年）7月、サイパン島失陥の責任を取って辞任した東條英機（首相・陸軍大臣も兼務していた）の後任として参謀総長に就任。終戦後まで務め、最後の参謀総長となった。なお、東條はその後の首相退任に当たり、次の内閣で陸軍大臣として残ることを画策したが、参謀総長となった梅津が杉山元教育総監とあらかじめ打ち合わせを済ませ、東條を含めた三長官会議の結果、杉山が陸相に回ることとなった。
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判決は終身禁固刑が言い渡され、1949年（昭和24年）1月8日、服役中に直腸癌により病没した。梅津は、生涯日記も手記も残さず、病床には、「幽窓無暦日」とだけ書いた紙片が残されていたのみだった。

1950/0108：オウストリアの經濟學者 Joseph Schumpeter 188350、死去

ein österreichischer Nationalökonom und Politiker. Er nahm 1925 die deutsche und 1939 die US-Staatsbürgerschaft an.
In seinem Frühwerk Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung (1912) unternimmt er den Versuch, die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung des Kapitalismus zu erklären. In seinem späten Opus Kapitalismus, Sozialismus und Demokratie (1942) geht er auch auf gesellschaftspolitische Implikationen ein. Mit seinen umfangreichen Werken gilt er als einer der herausragenden Ökonomen des 20. Jahrhunderts.

Innovation is the central concept of Schumpeter's theory. By the way, Schumpeter uses the word "neue Kombination" rather than innovation in the early book Theory of Economic Development. This is consistent with the definition of innovation called "thinking that seems to be irrelevant at first sight" by Clayton Christensen. Innovation is not limited to the field of technology.
He calls the performer of innovation (entrepreneur), but in this sense (entrepreneur) is not a business manager (combining land and labor) that only performs a certain task but produces a completely new combination It is a person who combines elements and creates a new business.

1954/0108：USA、プレスリ
Elvis Presley records in a recording studio in Memphis, Tennessee, the songs I'll never stand in your way and Casual Love Affair.

1958/0108：USA、ボビ･フィッシャ
Bobby Fischer wins 14 years of chess championships in the United States.

Bobby Fischer wins the United States Chess Championship at the age of fourteen, making him the youngest chess champion in the US and, until 1991, worldwide.

1959/0108：フランス、初代大統領にシャルルドゴウル
Charles de Gaulle devient le premier président de la Cinquième République française.

1959/0108：キュウバ、カストロ、ハバナに凱旋
Fidel Castro reaches Havana and completes the victory of the revolution in Cuba.

1961/0108：フランス、アルジェ問題で國民投票
en France, le « Oui » l'emporte au référendum sur l'autodétermination en Algérie.

In France a referendum supports Charles de Gaulle's policies in Algeria.

1963/0108：ダビンチの『モナリザ』、アメリカに
Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa is exhibited in the United States for the first time, at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.

1963/0108：ソ連で、スタリンにより封印されてゐたショスタコヴィッチのオペラ、再演
Almost 27 years after being stolen by Stalin, a revised and disarmed version of Mzensk's Lady Macbeth's opera is premiered by Dmitry Dmitriev Shostakovich under the title Katerina Ismailova.

Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District (novella)

1964/0108：USA「貧困との戦争」
President Lyndon Johnson declares a "War on Poverty" in the United States.

｛なんでも「戦争」にしてしまはないと氣がすまない。

1968/0108：ルウブルで、ルウベンスの名画、切り裂かれる
Une personne prétendument dérangée utilise un couteau pour couper à travers la peinture La Vierge aux anges de Peter Paul Rubens au Louvre de Paris.

1971/0108：バングラデシュ
Bowing to international pressure, President of Pakistan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto releases Bengali leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman from prison, who had been arrested after declaring the independence of Bangladesh.

1973/0108：USA、Watergate scandal:
 The trial of seven men accused of illegal entry into Democratic Party headquarters at Watergate begins.

1976/0108：中國の政事家 周恩來189876、死去

生于中国江蘇淮安，祖籍浙江绍兴。中国共产党及中华人民共和国主要党和国家领导人之一，中国人民解放军创始人之一，中国无产阶级革命家、政治家、军事家、外交家。

周恩来は江蘇省淮安の官僚地主の家に生まれた。周恩来が13歳となった1911年、辛亥革命が起きる。翌1912年、清朝が崩壊し、中華民国が建国された。1913年、周恩来は天津の南開中学校に入学し、革命の息吹に触れる。
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南開中学卒業後の1917年に、日本に留学。日本語の習得不足により第一高等学校と東京高等師範学校の受験に失敗し、東亜高等予備学校（日華同人共立東亜高等予備学校）、東京神田区高等予備校（法政大学付属学校）、明治大学政治経済科（旧政学部、現政治経済学部）に通学。
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1977/0108：ソ連、モスクワで爆彈破裂
Three bombs explode in Moscow, Russia, Soviet Union, within 37 minutes, killing seven. The bombings are attributed to an Armenian separatist group.

1980/0108：ノルヱイの冒険家 Tryggve Gran 188980、死去

a Norwegian aviator, explorer and author.
He was the skiing expert on the 1910–13 Scott Antarctic Expedition and was the first person to fly across the North Sea in a heavier-than-air aircraft.
The first to cross the North Sea by air were two German balloonists, Distler and Joerdens, who took off from Munich. They were blown across the North Sea by strong winds, landing in Kirkwall, Orkney on 4th December 1910.

1981/0108：フランスで、多分もっともたしかな「UFO」報告
A local farmer reports a UFO sighting in Trans-en-Provence, France, claimed to be "perhaps the most completely and carefully documented sighting of all time".

1983/0108：ドイツの撃墜王 Gerhard Barkhorn 191983、死去

Während des Zweiten Weltkrieges deutscher Offizier und Jagdflieger der Luftwaffe. Mit 301 bestätigten Abschüssen und 1104 Feindflügen ist er der zweiterfolgreichste Jagdflieger der Militärluftfahrt. Bei der Bundesluftwaffe erreichte er den Rang eines Generalmajors.
Ace pilot of the German Air Force during World War II. The last rank at the time of the war was Major. Major General of the West German Air Force later.
Number of sorties of 1104. Among them, the total number of shots to kill over 500 air fighting opportunities is 301. This is the score next to Erich Hartmann's 352, and over 300 is outside of these two people in history as well.

その死は ――
On 6 January 1983 he and his wife were involved in a car crash near Cologne. His wife died instantly and Barkhorn, without regaining consciousness, died in hospital in Frechen/Cologne on 8 January 1983. They were buried in Tegernsee, Bavaria

1986/0108：フランスのチェリスト Pierre Fournier 190686、死去

un violoncelliste français. Il est l'un des grands noms français du violoncelle, aux côtés de Maurice Maréchal, Paul Tortelier, Maurice Gendron, André Navarra et Pierre Penassou.

1989/0108：飛行機事故
Kegworth air disaster: British Midland Flight 92, a Boeing 737-400, crashes into the M1 motorway, killing 47 of the 126 people on board.

1989/0108：Japan、昭和から平成へ
昭和天皇の崩御と皇太子明仁親王の皇位継承により、元号が昭和から平成に改元。初の法令（元号法）に基づく改元。

1994/0108：ロシア宇宙飛行士、最長滯在記録、達成して
Russian cosmonaut Valeri Polyakov on Soyuz TM-18 leaves for Mir. 

He would stay on the space station until March 22, 1995, for a record 437 days in space.

1996/0108：日本の歌手 三橋美智也193096、死去

Mihashi Michiya was a famous enka singer in postwar Japan.
Along with Hachiro Kasuga and Hideo Murata, he was regarded as one of the most notable singers to have established the genre enka.
民謡で鍛えた伸びやかな高音と絶妙のこぶし回しを持ち味に、昭和30年代の日本の歌謡界黄金期をリードし、昭和歌謡界を代表する男性歌手の一人。

1996/0108：飛行機事故
An Antonov An-32 cargo aircraft crashes into a crowded market in Kinshasa, Zaire, killing up to 223 on the ground; two of six crew members are also killed.

2003/0108：飛行機事故
Turkish Airlines Flight 634 crashes near Diyarbakır Airport, Turkey, killing the entire crew and 70 of the 75 passengers.

2003/0108：飛行機事故
Air Midwest Flight 5481 crashes at Charlotte-Douglas Airport, Charlotte, North Carolina, killing all 21 people on board.

2004/0108：史上最大の旅客船、進水式
The largest passenger ship in the world at that time is christened Queen Mary 2 in Southampton by the British Queen Elizabeth II.

2005/0108：
The nuclear sub USS San Francisco collides at full speed with an undersea mountain south of Guam. One man is killed, but the sub surfaces and is repaired.

2007/0108：ロシア、ヨウロパへのパイプライン、一時的閉鎖
Russia temporarily interrupts gas supply in Poland and Germany via its Nord Stream gas pipeline through Belarus.

2010/0108：
Gunmen from an offshoot the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda attack a bus carrying the Togo national football team on its way to the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations, killing three.

2017/0108：イスラエルのエルサレムで、兵士四人殺害される
en Israël, à Jérusalem, un attentat au camion-bélier tue quatre soldats israéliens.

 

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