歴史暦:古今東西、今日の出來事

世界が心配、日本が心配、世界のなかの日本が心配

03/29:人間よ、歴史に学ぶべきは「歴史に学んではならぬといふこと

Art of Heart ∈ 思考 69 空想 ∋ Word of World
今日が命日の Georges Seurat 185991『L'Enfant en blanc』
 

歴史暦:古今東西 03/29 今日の出來事

follow us in feedly  

-087/0329:中國[前漢]07皇帝 武帝-15987、崩去

武帝劉徹,西漢第七位皇帝,其母為關隴人孝景王皇后,於7歲時被冊立為儲君,16歲登基,在位達54年,其正式諡號為「孝武皇帝」,後世省略「孝」字稱「漢武帝」,是清聖祖以前在位最長的中國皇帝。他雄才大略,文治武功都有顯赫建樹,和秦始皇被後世並稱為「秦皇漢武」,被歷代史學界和政治家們評價為中國歷史上最偉大的皇帝之一。漢武帝的思想積極進取,極具前瞻性,為朝廷以至社會帶了新思維,親政後進行了多項大刀闊斧的改革,深遠地影響著後世。
Emperor Wu of Han, born Liu Che, courtesy name Tong, was the seventh emperor of the Han dynasty of China, ruling from 141–87 BC.
His reign lasted 54 years — a record not broken until the reign of the Kangxi Emperor more than 1,800 years later.
His reign resulted in a vast territorial expansion and the development of a strong and centralized state resulting from his governmental re-organization, including his promotion of Confucian doctrines.
In the field of historical social and cultural studies, Emperor Wu is known for his religious innovations and patronage of the poetic and musical arts, including development of the Imperial Music Bureau into a prestigious entity. It was also during his reign that cultural contact with western Eurasia was greatly increased, directly and indirectly.



0057/0329:中國[後漢] 01皇帝 光武帝-00557、崩去

光武帝劉秀,字文叔,南陽郡蔡陽縣人,東漢建立者,25年8月5日-57年3月29日在位。廟號世祖,諡號光武皇帝。
Emperor Guangwu was an emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty, restorer of the dynasty in AD 25 and thus founder of the Later Han or Eastern Han (the restored Han Dynasty).
He ruled over parts of China at first, and through suppression and conquest of regional warlords, the whole of China was consolidated by the time of his death in 57.



 光武帝の座右銘として、
「志有る者は事竟には成る」
「柔よく剛を制す」

0537/0329:
 Vigilius becomes Bishop of Rome by Byzantine pressure, although Bishop Silverius is in office in Rome.
 After his death in November, the original antipope is generally accepted.


0845/0329:
Paris is sacked by Viking raiders, probably under Ragnar Lodbrok, who collects a huge ransom in exchange for leaving.


1430/0329:
 Ottoman Empire under Murad II captures Thessalonica from the Republic of Venice.

The city of Thessaloniki, which has belonged to Venice since 1423, finally becomes part of the Ottoman Empire after its conquest by Sultan Murad II.

1461/0329:Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton:
 Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Edward IV of England.

Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton
薔薇戦争とは、百年戰爭 Hundred Years' War 1337~53(イギリスvsフランス)の後、飽きもせず始まった。今度はイギリス内、イングランドで白い薔薇と赤い薔薇の組に分れて、三十年にもわたって演じられた權力の霸權闘争。期間は、1455~85(87の說もあり)の三十年間。百年戰爭からたてつづけにイギリスは百五十年間、戰爭状態を持續ないし繼續したわけだ。多分、この時にその後のジョンブルの鬪爭的精神が培はれたのであらう。
白薔薇のバッジを付けた組がヨウク家。赤の組はランカスタ家。ヨウク家には、 ……
最終的結果は、ランカスタ系の女系であるチュウダ家の Henry VII 145709 (彼に敗北したのがセクスピアの史劇で有名な Richard III 145285)がイングランドを手に入れ、敵方のヨウク家の王女を妃にして、チュウダ朝を創業した。その後を繼いだのが、例の Henry VIII 149147 で、その後を繼いだのが Elizabeth I 153303 。

この日の戦闘、Battle of Towton は季節外れ(かどうかはイギリスの氣象を識らないので解らないが三月末なのでさう云っておく)の大雪の降るなか、死傷者が二萬、おそらくは三萬に近く出た、イギリス国内ではもっとも酸鼻をきはめた戦闘となった。場所はヨウクシャのタウトン村とサクストン村のあひだの東西約20kmの高原。戰力まるで互角、しかも諸侯總出の天下分目の戦闘となったことが、この悲慘な數字となってしまった。
平氏源氏の紅白戦だってうまく解説できないのに、異國の紅白戦など解りやすく説明できるわけがない。私は、詳細な戦闘記録に惘然とし、画像を見るだけで腹一杯になった。後は、セクスピアの史劇で誤魔化すことにして、史實を立ち去ることにする。それにしても、歴史の最後に生まれあはせたことのなんたる特權、「我、見るべきほどのことは見つ」(これは日本の紅白戦で敗北した赤組の平氏の棟梁、平宗盛114785の最後の一言です)。

YouTube を探したら The Battle of Towton (Britain's Bloodiest Battle Documentary) | Timeline といふ、そのものズバリのものが見付かった。


1500/0329:イタリア、Cesare Borgia
 è dato il titolo di capitano generale e Gonfaloniere dal padre Rodrigo Borgia dopo il ritorno dalle sue conquiste in Romagna.

Cesare Borgia is given the title of Captain General and Gonfalonier by his father Rodrigo Borgia after returning from his conquests in the Romagna.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Map_of_Italy_(1494)-it.svg/800px-Map_of_Italy_(1494)-it.svg.png

ファレンティノ公チェザレボルジアが生まれた年には、あの彫刻家の Michelangelo Buonarroti 147564 や後に教皇 Leo X となる Giovanni de Medici 147521 が生まれて、イタリアルネサンスの後期を彩ることになる。

チェザレボルジアを來たるべき新時代の代表選手として持ちあげたのは、Niccolò Machiavelli 146927 の『君主論』であった。マキアベリはチェザレボルジアについて「その容姿、殊の外に美しく、堂々として武器を取れば勇猛果敢」と記してゐる(肖像畫を見たところでは私にはそれほどには感じられない)。

その登場は、破竹の勢ひであった。
その沒落もまた足早なものであった。

マキアベリはフィレンチェ共和國から霸權され、チェザレとの交渉にあたり、つぶさに彼の行動を観察した。チェザレの死後、イタリア再興の悲願を込めた『君主論』をチェザレボルジアへの熱く強い思ひのなかで記した。チェザレボルジアこそが「イタリアを救濟するために神が遣はした者であるかのやうに思はれた。彼は殘忍、冷酷と云はれてゐるが、その冷酷さでロマアニャに秩序を取りもどし、平和と忠誠をもたらすことになった。慈愛と恐怖とを兼ね備へることが君主としてもっとも理想的であるが、どちらかと云へば、君主は恐怖のはうを活用すべきであらう」と記してゐる。
もっと後世のルネサンスの史家であった(私も愛讀した)Jacob Burckhardt 181897 は、「知に餓ゑて飽くことを識らず、人を破滅させることに悪魔的な喜びを感じる男」と彼には珍しいほどの強い嫌惡感で斷じてゐる。

現在殘ってゐるチェザレボルジアの肖像畫はすべて後世のもので(彼の肖像畫の類はすべて政敵によって燒却された)、唯一、實際の彼を描いたものとしてレオナルドの素描が殘ってゐた。どんなものだらうか。マキアベリの筆とレオナルドの筆と。私はレオナルドのはうを信じる。ちなみに Cesare Borgia 147507 は三十二歳で死んだ。


1549/0329:
The city of Salvador da Bahia, the first capital of Brazil, is founded.


1632/0329:
Treaty of Saint-Germain is signed returning Quebec to French control after the English had seized it in 1629.



1658/0329:日本の儒學者 室鳩巣165834、誕生

Muro Kyūsō or Muro Naokiyo (直清) was a Neo-Confucian scholar and an official of the Tokugawa shogunate during the rule of Tokugawa Yoshimune.
Muro was responsible for the reintroduction of orthodox neo-Confucianist thought into government and societal life, attempting to reverse the growth of unorthodox views that were becoming popular during this time. He was also an author of Neo-Confucianist works, such as the Shundai Zatsuwa, although much of his work would only be known posthumously.

1672寛文12、金沢藩に出仕、藩主の前田綱紀の命で京都の木下順庵の門に入る。
1711正徳01、同じ木下門下の新井白石165725の推挙で、江戸幕府儒学者となる。家宣、家継、吉宗の三代に仕へ、幕府より駿河台に屋敷を与へられ、献策と書物の選進した。湯島聖堂朱子學を講義した。赤穂事件では、赤穂浪士への処罰をめぐり浪士を擁護した。

1769/0329:ナポレオンの將軍 Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult 176951、誕生

un militaire et homme d'État français.
Fait maréchal d'Empire le 19 mai 1804, il est considéré par Napoléon, après la bataille d'Austerlitz (1805) à laquelle il contribue de manière décisive, comme « le premier manœuvrier de l'Europe ».

1772/0329:スヱデン 思想家 Emanuel Swedenborg 168872、死去

a Swedish scientist, philosopher, theologian, revelator, mystic and founder of Swedenborgianism.[3] He is best known for his book on the afterlife, Heaven and Hell (1758).

1790/0329:
Signature of the treaty of alliance and friendship between Poland-Lithuania and Prussia.


1792/0329:スヱデン王 Gustav III of Sweden 174692、暗殺

King of Sweden from 1771 until his assassination in 1792. He was the eldest son of King Adolf Frederick of Sweden and Queen Louise Ulrika (a sister of King Frederick the Great of Prussia),

King Gustav III of Sweden dies after being shot in the back at a midnight masquerade ball at Stockholm's Royal Opera 13 days earlier. He is succeeded by Gustav IV Adolf.

グスタフ三世はストックホルムオペラ座で開かれた仮面舞踏会の最中に、背後から拳銃で撃たれ、二週間後に崩去した。

暗殺当日の彼の服裝

{暗殺された時の彼の衣裝は、まるで暗殺される者といふより暗殺者のやうではないか。さうか、仮面舞踏会だったのか。
{彼には、暗殺されさうな予感があったらしい。また、暗殺計画を傳へる情報もあり、その情報を最後の晩餐となった食事の後に聞いて「もしやるとするなら、今夜ほどいい機會はないだらう」と云ったといふ。

この父の死から十一年後となる同じ三月二十九日、グズタフ四世はクウデタにより王位を剥奪され、幽閉の身となり(その後もっと悲慘なことになり)、政事は叔父の Karl Johan(Karl XIII)が攝政となって掌握した。

1809/0329、King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden abdicates after a coup d'état. At the Diet of Porvoo, Finland's four Estates pledge allegiance to Alexander I of Russia, commencing the secession of the Grand Duchy of Finland from Sweden.

1794/0329:フランス 思想家 Nicolas de Condorcet 174394、死去

Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de Condorcet, est un mathématicien et homme politique français, représentant des Lumières.
Il est célèbre pour ses travaux pionniers sur la statistique et les probabilités, son analyse des modes de scrutin possibles - le « paradoxe de Condorcet » - ainsi que par son action politique, tant avant la Révolution que sous celle-ci.
Siégeant parmi les Girondins, il propose ainsi des réformes du système éducatif ainsi que du droit pénal.
La Convention nationale ordonne son arrestation en 1793, et emprisonné en 1794, on le trouve mort dans sa cellule deux jours après son incarcération.


1796/0329:ドイツの数学者、Gauss
Carl Friedrich Gauß ermittelt mit Zirkel und Lineal eine Konstruktionsmethode für das Siebzehneck.

Gauss uses a compass and ruler to determine a construction method for the seventeen-corner.

1806/0329:ドイツの音樂家、Beetnoven
フィデリオ』改稿して初演、今度は成功

Construction is authorized of the Great National Pike, better known as the Cumberland Road, becoming the first United States federal highway.

Die zweite, überarbeitete Fassung des Fidelio von Ludwig van Beethoven wird am Theater an der Wien in Wien uraufgeführt. Auch dieser zweiten Fassung ist kein Publikumserfolg beschieden.

1809/0329:スヱデン、クウデタ
 King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden abdicates after a coup d'état.
 At the Diet of Porvoo, Finland's four Estates pledge allegiance to Alexander I of Russia, commencing the secession of the Grand Duchy of Finland from Sweden.


1810/0329:
Friedrich Koenig receives a patent for his crucible printing machine. The model is developed by him a few months later to the press.


1826/0329:ドイツ社会主義者 Wilhelm Liebknecht 182600、誕生

einer der Gründerväter der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands (SPD).

1831/0329:
Great Bosnian uprising: Bosniaks rebel against Turkey.


1847/0329:Mexican–American War:
 United States forces led by General Winfield Scott take Veracruz after a siege.


1848/0329:ナイアガラの瀧、凍る
Niagara falls dry for 30 hours due to an upstream ice accumulation.


1857/0329:インド、セポイの反亂
Sepoy Mangal Pandey of the 34th Regiment, Bengal Native Infantry mutinies against the East India Company's rule in India and inspires the protracted Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.

In British India dissatisfaction flares up in British auxiliaries. Sepoy Mangal Pandey shoots at a British officer in his regiment, Pandey's comrades refuse the order to help British officers. The event is one of the harbingers of the September 10 Sepoy rebellion.

1861/0329:中國[清]、宋景詩等領導黑旗軍起義。

Song Jingshi and other leaders led the Black Flag Army Uprising.

1864/0329:
In a treaty, the major powers Britain, Russia and Austria agree with Greece on the connection of the Republic of the Ionian Islands to Greece, which the people wanted.


1865/0329:American Civil War:
 Federal forces under Major General Philip Sheridan move to flank Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee as the Appomattox Campaign begins.


1867/0329:USA プロ野球投手 Cy Young 186755、誕生

an American Major League Baseball pitcher.
During his 22-season baseball career (1890–1911), he pitched for five different teams. Young established numerous pitching records, some of which have stood for over a century.
Young compiled 511 wins, which is most in Major League history and 94 ahead of Walter Johnson, second on the list.

1867/0329:カナダができていく
Queen Victoria gives Royal Assent to the British North America Act which establishes the Dominion of Canada on July 1.

The British Parliament passes the Constitutional Law of 1867, the first of many British North America Acts to form the basis of the Constitution of Canada.

1871/0329:ロンドン
Royal Albert Hall opens in London's Kensington district by Queen Victoria. It will be hosting major events in the future.



1879/0329:Anglo-Zulu War: Battle of Kambula:
 the British defeat the Zulu under Ntshingwayo Khoza in the Zulu War, making up for the catastrophic defeat at the Battle of Isandhlwana.


1879/0329:チャイコフスキ『エフゲニ・オネギン』プレミア
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's "Lyrical Scenes" Eugen Onegin, after the same-named version of Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin, was premiered at the Maly Theater in Moscow.

«Лирические сцены» Петра Ильича Чайковского Евгений Онегин по одноименному роману в стихах Александер Пушкин состоится премьера в Малом театре в Москве.

1886/0329:アトランタの薬剤師「Coca-cola」製造販売
John Pemberton brews the first batch of Coca-Cola in a backyard in Atlanta.


1891/0329:点描派の画家 Georges Seurat 185991、死去

Georges-Pierre Seurat est un peintre et dessinateur français, pionnier de la technique de chromo-luminarisme, ou peinture optique, appelée plus couramment pointillisme, divisionnisme ou néo-impressionnisme. Peintre de genre, figures, portraits, paysages animés, paysages, peintre à la gouache, dessinateur.

Un dimanche après-midi à l'Île de la Grande Jatte (1884-1886)

Sous-bois à Pontaubert,

1894/0329:朝鮮「東學黨の亂

朝鮮で起きた農民の内乱。関与者に東学の信者が多かったから東学党の乱とも。

この戦争の処理を巡り、大日本帝国と清国の対立が激化、日清戦争に発展する。
壬午軍亂:1882/0723、興宣大院君らの煽動を受けて、朝鮮の首府漢城(ソウル)で起こった閔氏政権および日本に対する大規模な朝鮮人兵士の反乱。

1895/0329:ドイツ 文學的思想家 Ernst Jünger 189598、誕生

ein deutscher Schriftsteller, Offizier, Dandy und Insektenkundler. Er ist vor allem durch seine Kriegserlebnisbücher wie In Stahlgewittern, phantastische Romane und Erzählungen und verschiedene Essays bekannt.
In seinem elitären, antibürgerlichen und nationalistischen Frühwerk, das der sogenannten Konservativen Revolution zugerechnet wird, bekämpfte Jünger die Weimarer Republik entschieden.
Obwohl er der NSDAP nicht beitrat und deren rassistische Ideologie ablehnte, galt er nach 1945 als intellektueller Wegbereiter des Nationalsozialismus und gehört zu den umstrittensten Autoren Deutschlands.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Ernst_Juenger_inSG.jpg

1897/0329:日本、金本位制の貨幣法、公布。


1899/0329:ソ連祕密警察 Lavrenti Beria 18995、誕生

(ლავრენტი პავლეს ძე ბერია), homme politique soviétique.
российский революционер, советский государственный и партийный деятель, генеральный комиссар госбезопасности (1941), Маршал Советского Союза (1945), Герой Социалистического Труда (1943), лишённый этих званий в 1953 году в связи с обвинениями в организации массовых «сталинских репрессий».
a Soviet politician of Georgian ethnicity, Marshal of the Soviet Union and state security administrator, chief of the Soviet security and secret police apparatus (NKVD) under Joseph Stalin during World War II, and promoted to deputy premier under Stalin from 1941. He later officially joined the Politburo in 1946.

1902/0329:フランス 小説家 Marcel Aymé 190267、誕生

un écrivain, dramaturge, nouvelliste, scénariste et essayiste français.
Écrivain prolifique, il a laissé deux essais, dix-sept romans, plusieurs dizaines de nouvelles, une dizaine de pièces de théâtre, plus de cent soixante articles et des contes.

1902/0329:南極探検
During the German South Polar Expedition, Erich von Drygalski sighted the extinct volcano Gaußberg in Antarctica as the first human being in a captive balloon.


1909/0329:日本の文藝家 花田清輝190974、誕生

Hanada Kiyoteru est un essayiste et critique littéraire japonais de l'ère Shōwa.
日本の文藝家(評論)。レトルシアン、ポレミスト。アヴァンギャルド藝術論
{讀めば解る。解らないかな。

1911/0329:US Army、コルト M1911、採用
The M1911.45 ACP pistol becomes the official U.S. Army side arm.



1912/0329:イギリス 南極探檢家 Robert Falcon Scott 186812、遭難

a British Royal Navy officer and explorer who led two expeditions to the Antarctic regions: the Discovery Expedition (1901~04) and the ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition (1910~13).

On the first expedition, he set a new southern record by marching to latitude 82°S and discovered the Polar (Antarctic) Plateau, on which the South Pole is located. ↓

On the second venture, Scott led a party of five which reached the South Pole on 17 January 1912, less than five weeks after Roald Amundsen's Norwegian expedition. On their return journey, Scott's party discovered plant fossils, proving Antarctica was once forested and joined to other continents.
A planned meeting with supporting dog teams from the base camp failed, despite Scott's written instructions, and at a distance of 150 miles from their base camp and 11 miles from the next depot, Scott and his companions perished.
1912年に南極点到達を果たすが、帰途遭難、死亡


The Observation Hill cross, erected in 1913 as a memorial to Scott and his party

1919/0329:フランス、暗殺犯に無罪判決
Acquittement de Raoul Villain, l'assassin de Jean Jaurès.


1925/0329:ドイツ、大統領選擧
Bei den ersten Reichspräsidentenwahlen der Weimarer Republik erhält Karl Jarres (DVP) die meisten Stimmen, verfehlt aber die absolute Mehrheit. Im daher nötigen zweiten Wahlgang, der rund einen Monat später stattfindet, gewinnt Paul von Hindenburg gegen Wilhelm Marx und Ernst Thälmann.

Karl Jarres (DVP) receives the most votes in the first presidential elections of the Weimar Republic, but misses an absolute majority. In the therefore necessary second ballot, which takes place about a month later, Paul von Hindenburg wins against Wilhelm Marx and Ernst Thälmann.

1933/0329:ドイツ、國會議事堂放火事件の犯人に死刑判決
Nach dem Reichstagsbrand beschließt der deutsche Reichstag die Lex van der Lubbe, ein rückwirkendes Gesetz, um den mutmaßlichen Brandstifter Marinus van der Lubbe zum Tode verurteilen zu können.

After the Reichstag fire, the German Reichstag decides the Lex van der Lubbe, a retroactive law, in order to condemn the alleged arsonist Marinus van der Lubbe to death.

1933/0329:ドイツ映画『マブゼ博士の遺言』プレミア
The premiere of the film Das Testament des Dr. Mabuse by Fritz Lang after a novel by Norbert Jacques is banned by the Filmprüfstelle Berlin because of "endangering public order and security". The premiere of the film finally takes place on 21 April in Budapest.




1936/0329:ドイツ、ヒトラー再軍備化とラインラント進駐
Im Deutschen Reich findet eine Reichstagswahl statt, bei der die Nationalsozialisten nach offiziellem Ergebnis 98,8 Prozent der Stimmen erhalten.

In Germany, Adolf Hitler receives 99% of the votes in a referendum to ratify Germany's illegal remilitarization and reoccupation of the Rhineland, receiving 44.5 million votes out of 45.5 million registered voters.

1939/0329:日本の詩人 立原道造191439、死去

Tachihara Michizō est un architecte et poète japonais.
Il meurt de tuberculose à l'âge de 24 ans avant d'avoir pleinement pu exercer chacune de ses deux activités.
Michizō Tachihara cherche à trouver un moyen pour un poète urbain de se libérer des coutumes traditionnelles tout en restant « moderne ».


1940/0329:ボサノバの娘 Astrud Gilberto 1940--、誕生

, nascida Astrud Evangelina Weinert (Salvador, 29 de março de 1940), é uma cantora brasileira de bossa nova , MPB e jazz de fama internacional.

1941/0329:WWⅡ
 British Royal Navy and Royal Australian Navy forces defeat those of the Italian Regia Marina off the Peloponnesian coast of Greece in the Battle of Cape Matapan.


1942/0329:WWⅡ
The Bombing of Lübeck is the first major success for the RAF Bomber Command against Germany and a German city.

Totentanz=Danse macabre=死の舞踏 とは、Lübecker Totentanz


1943/0329:ギリシア 作曲者 Vangelis 1943--、誕生

Evángelos Odysséas Papathanassíou (Ευάγγελος Οδυσσέας Παπαθανασίου) is a Greek composer of electronic, progressive, ambient, jazz, and orchestral music.
He is best known for his Academy Award–winning score for the film Chariots of Fire, composing scores for the films Blade Runner, Missing, Antarctica, 1492: Conquest of Paradise, and Alexander, and the use of his music in the PBS documentary Cosmos: A Personal Voyage by Carl Sagan.

1945/0329:WWⅡ、ドイツのロンドン攻撃、終熄
 Last day of V-1 flying bomb attacks on England.


1945/0329:WWⅡ、ドイツ軍、ロシア赤軍に降伏
The German 4th Army is almost destroyed by the Soviet Red Army.

The Red Army penetrates at Klostermarienberg for the first time on formerly Austrian territory.

1945/0329:WWⅡ、Massacre of Deutsch Schützen-Eisenberg.

l’assassinat d'environ 60 travailleurs forcés juifs dans la ville de Deutsch Schützen-Eisenberg.


In Southern Burgenland, around 60 forced laborers were murdered in a German massacre in one of the numerous final phase crimes.

1946/0329:
Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, one of Mexico's leading universities, is founded.


1947/0329:
Malagasy Uprising against French colonial rule in Madagascar.


1951/0329:USA、スパイ容疑のロウゼンバアグ夫妻に有罪判決
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg are convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage.


1957/0329:USA
The New York, Ontario and Western Railway makes its final run, the first major U.S. railroad to be abandoned in its entirety.


1958/0329:
Am Schauspielhaus Zürich werden die Theaterstücke Biedermann und die Brandstifter und Die große Wut des Philipp Hotz von Max Frisch uraufgeführt.


1962/0329:アルゼンチン、クウデタ
Arturo Frondizi, the president of Argentina, is overthrown in a military coup by Argentina's armed forces, ending an 11½ day constitutional crisis.


1971/0329:ベトナム戦争ソンミ村虐殺事件軍事法廷、判決
In the trial for the My Lai massacre in front of a US military court, the jury, after a 13-day consultation, finds the responsible officer, William Calley, guilty of killing 22 civilians.

1968年に發生したソンミ村虐殺事件裁判の軍事法廷で、W.カリ中尉に終身刑、他の13人には無罪の判決。

1971/0329:

The jurors of a jury in Los Angeles condemn Charles Manson and three members of his "family" to death in the gas chamber for the murder of Leno and Rosemary LaBianca, a judgment that is confirmed but never enforced.
マンソン自身にも1971年4月19日に死刑判決が下された。しかし続く1972年2月にカリフォルニア州では死刑制度が一時的に廃止されたため、これは自動的に終身刑減刑された。後年同州の死刑制度は復活したが、マンソンには影響が及ばず、現在もカリフォルニア州刑務所で服役している。
Bien que Charles Manson n'ait pas été lui-même présent sur les lieux des meurtres, il sera déclaré coupable le 25 janvier 1971 pour avoir dirigé les assassins, et condamné le 29 mars à la peine de mort. Cette sentence est commuée en une peine de prison à vie après l'annulation par la Cour Suprême des peines capitales jugées avant 1972.

Charles Milles Manson 1934:1969/0809、R ポランスキ夫人で当時妊娠八ヶ月だった女優のS テイト、他五人の無差別殺害を教唆、

1973/0329:Vietnam War、アメリカの完全撤退
 The last United States combat soldiers leave South Vietnam.
 Operation Barrel Roll, a covert American bombing campaign in Laos to stop communist infiltration of South Vietnam, ends.


1974/0329:USA、NASA's Mariner 10 becomes the first space probe to fly by Mercury.

The US space probe Mariner 10 passes as the first terrestrial missile the planet Mercury and transmits more than 2,000 images of the planet.


1982/0329:カルミナブラナ作曲 Carl Orff 189582、死去

ein deutscher Komponist und Musikpädagoge.
Sein bekanntestes Werk ist die szenische Kantate Carmina Burana, die zu einem der populärsten Chorwerke des 20.Jahrhunderts wurde.

 
オルフは自分の音楽劇を『世界劇』(„Welttheater“ „Theatrum Mundi“) と呼んだ。

1982/0329:
The Canada Act 1982 receives the Royal Assent from Queen Elizabeth II, setting the stage for the Queen of Canada to proclaim the Constitution Act, 1982.


1989/0329:日本、
女子高生コンクリート詰め殺人事件が発覚。

A murder case that female high school students packed concrete was discovered.

1990/0329:
The Czechoslovak parliament is unable to reach an agreement on what to call the country after the fall of Communism, sparking the so-called Hyphen War.


1998/0329:In Lisbon,
 the Ponte Vasco da Gama is released for traffic. The building spans the Tagus River and is the longest bridge in Europe with a length of over 17 kilometers.




1999/0329:USA、Dow Jones Industrial Average
 closes above the 10,000 mark (10,006.78) for the first time, during the height of the dot-com bubble.


2001/0329:JazzMJQ John Lewis 192001、死去

an American jazz pianist, composer and arranger, best known as the founder and musical director of the Modern Jazz Quartet.


2002/0329:
In reaction to the Passover massacre two days prior, Israel launches Operation Defensive Shield against Palestinian militants, its largest military operation in the West Bank since the 1967 Six-Day War.


2004/0329:
In a second phase of NATO eastern enlargement, the former Warsaw Pact countries Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia join NATO after Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary on 12 March.



2004/0329:禁煙、In Ireland,
 the world's first state-enforced ban on smoking enters into force. It applies to all workplaces including pubs and restaurants.


2005/0329:日本、
三島市で起きた女子短大生焼殺事件の犯人に死刑判決

Death penalty for a criminal who burned a women's college student in Mishima City.

2006/0329:二十世紀で四度目となる世界的規模の皆既日食
 Quatrième éclipse solaire totale du XXIe siècle.



2009/0329:映画音樂作曲者 Maurice Jarre 192409、死去

a French composer and conductor, "one of the giants of 20th-century film music" who was "among the most sought-after composers in the movie industry" and "a creator of both subtle underscoring and grand, sweeping themes, not only writing for conventional orchestras... but also experimenting with electronic sounds later in his career".

Jarre is best known for his film scores, particularly for his collaborations with film director David Lean. Jarre composed the scores to all of Lean's films from Lawrence of Arabia (1962) on.
Jarre was nominated for nine Academy Awards, winning three in the Best Original Score category for Lawrence of Arabia (1962), Doctor Zhivago (1965), and A Passage to India (1984), all of which were directed by David Lean.

2010/0329:ロシアのモスクワで、
Two suicide bombers hit the Moscow Metro system at the peak of the morning rush hour, killing 40.


2013/0329:アフリカのタンザニアで、
At least 36 people are killed when a 16-floor building collapses in the commercial capital Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.


2014/0329:イギリス&ウエルズ、同性結婚の認可
The first same-sex marriages in England and Wales are performed.


2017/0329:イギリス、EU離脱
The United Kingdom invokes Article 50, beginning the formal process of Brexit.





 

Art of Heart ∈ 思考 69 空想 ∋ Word of World




よろしければ、Click おねがひいたします: