07/04：歴史は過去帳「各種の亡者の生き樣死に樣に、暑さを忘れ

Art of Heart ∈ 思考 69 空想 ∋ Word of World

1981年の今日が命日の 木村功192381 『七人の侍』

　　年間（Link）表

歴史暦：古今東西　０７／０４　今日の出來事

　　

今日、七月四日はアメリカ人もフシギがってゐますが、アメリカの大統領、その第二代の John Adams 173526 と第三代の Thomas Jefferson 174326 が同じ日に、しかもその日は五十年前に彼等が作りだした『アメリカ獨立宣言』を公布した日なのです。そのうへ、二人が死んだ五年後には五代目の James Monroe 175831 がこの日に亡くなってゐます。

それよりなにより、日本人の私にとってこの日は、日本を代表し象徴する義人である楠木正成129436とその弟の正季が湊川の戰に負けて、おたがひ刺し違へて死んでいった日であります。
その三年前のこの日には、鎌倉幕府が滅亡しました。

あ、それから、ルイスキャロルを名乘ることになる少女愛の男が Alice's Adventures in Wonderland へと發展することになる作り話を卒去で Alice Liddell にしてやった日でもあります。

しかし、今日もクソ暑い。

-362/0704：Battle of Mantinea:
The Thebans, led by Epaminondas, defeated the Spartans.

The Second Battle of Mantinea was fought on July 4, 362 BC between the Thebans, led by Epaminondas and supported by the Arcadians and the Boeotian league against the Spartans, led by King Agesilaus II and supported by the Eleans, Athenians, and Mantineans. The battle was to determine which of the two alliances would have hegemony over Greece. However, the death of Epaminondas and his intended successors coupled with the impact on the Spartans of yet another defeat weakened both alliances, and paved the way for Macedonian conquest led by Philip II of Macedon.

0414/0704：Roma、Emperor Theodosius II,
 age 13, yields power to his older sister Aelia Pulcheria, who reigned as regent and proclaimed herself empress (Augusta) of the Eastern Roman Empire.

0836/0704：Pactum Sicardi
 is signed: a peace treaty between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples, .

1054/0704：天文
A supernova（called SN 1054）is seen by Chinese Song dynasty, Arab, and possibly Amerindian observers near the star Zeta Tauri. 

For several months it remains bright enough to be seen during the day. Its remnants form the Crab Nebula.

この日から数ヶ月間、超新星SN1054は日中でも確認できるほどの光を放った。それが現在の「カニ星雲」。

｛この寫眞には私には二人の男の姿が見える。まだ若い青い服の貴族の感じで。

1120/0704：
Jordan II of Capua is anointed as prince after his infant nephew's death.

1187/0704：The Crusades「Battle of Hattin」 Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem.

La bataille de Hattin ou bataille de Tibériade a lieu le 4 juillet 1187 près du lac de Tibériade, en Galilée.

1253/0704：Battle of West-Capelle
John I of Avesnes defeats Guy of Dampierre.

1330/0704(元徳02/0618)：日本[室町] 02將軍 足利義詮133067、誕生

Ashikaga Yoshiakira was the 2nd shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate who reigned from 1358 to 1367 during the Muromachi period of Japan. Yoshiakira was the son of the founder and first shogun of the Muromachi shogunate, Ashikaga Takauji. His mother was Akahashi Tōshi, also known as Hōjō Nariko.
室町幕府、第二代將軍。初代将軍足利尊氏130558の一男。母は鎌倉幕府最後の執権、北条守時の妹で正室の赤橋登子。

 

1333/0704(元弘03/0522)：日本、鎌倉幕府、滅亡
The Hojo clan who formed the head part of the Kamakura shogunate who was defeated in the battle of Tohnoji tempered self-determined, the Kamakura shogunate was destroyed.

東勝寺での最後の決戦に敗れた鎌倉幕府の首脳陣、執權の北条高時130433をはじめとした得宗北条氏の一族が自害して、鎌倉幕府が滅亡する。
東勝寺は第三代執權の北条泰時118342が退耕行勇を開山として鎌倉の葛西ヶ谷に創建した北条氏の菩提寺。
↓
1331/08、後醍醐天皇が笠置山で擧兵、これに楠木正成129436らが應じて、元弘の亂が始まる。鎌倉幕府が出兵、このなかには新田義貞130038も加はってゐた。楠木正成129436 が頑張ったが、09笠置山は陥落し、後醍醐天皇は隠岐島へ配流となった。
↓
一旦姿を消した正成が千早城で再挙、幕府軍は手こずる。これを見て、播磨で赤松則村が蜂起、四國の伊豫でも反亂が怒った。幕府は、足利尊氏130558に大軍を率ゐさせ、西國に向かはせる。
後醍醐天皇は隠岐を脱出して船上山に現れ、四月には高氏が幕府に反旗を晝がし、六波羅探題を滅ぼし、都を制壓する。
↓
05、上野に戻った義貞は生品明神で擧兵、東山道を西進し、鎌倉進撃を開始。途中の豪族も加はり、兵を増やしつゝ利根川を越えて武蔵に入る。そこで鎌倉を脱出してきた高氏の嫡子、千壽王と合流、鎌倉街道を直走る。
↓
鎌倉では、北条泰家らに迎撃させるが、入間川･久米川の合戰で敗退。新田郡は鎌倉に迫った。
↓

鎌倉方は各地で敗れ、鎌倉の七切通しを封鎖した。
新田軍は小袋坂･化粧坂･極樂寺坂の三方から攻撃することにした。
戰鬪は雙方相讓らず、膠着状態となった。
義貞は切通しからの突破を斷念し、干潮の稲村ヶ崎からの侵攻を試みた。これが效を奏した。
↓
北条高時らは東勝寺に追ひ詰められ、そこで自害した。『太平記』によれば、自害者は二八三名の北条一族と家臣八七〇人。

東勝寺跡の奧にある北条高時腹切りやぐら

1333/0704：13北条基時128633、敗死（自害）

Hōjō Mototoki was the thirteenth Shikken (1315–1316) of the Kamakura Bakufu.

1333/0704：14北条高時130333、敗死（自害）

Hōjō Takatoki was the last Tokusō and ruling Shikken (regent) of Japan's Kamakura shogunate; the rulers that followed were his puppets. A member of the Hōjō clan, he was the son of Hōjō Sadatoki, and was preceded as shikken by Hōjō Morotoki.

1333/0704：15北条貞顯127833、敗死（自害）

Hōjō Sadaaki was the 12th rensho 連署 (1315–1326) and 15th shikken 執權(19 April 1326 – 29 April 1329) of the Kamakura shogunate.


北条氏が滅亡して、時代は天皇家が分裂し對立する南北朝の時代が始まった。その複雜怪奇に入り亂れた戦闘のなかに颯爽と登場した（当時惡黨と呼ばれてゐた畿内の土豪）楠木正成129436一党、南朝の096後醍醐尊治128839天皇のために尽くしたが、その甲斐もなく …… 

1336/0704(建武03/0525)：南北朝「湊川の戰」
南朝方の楠木正成、弟の正季と相対自害して敗死

 

この年の二月、北朝方の中心武將の足利尊氏130558は、後醍醐南朝方の新田義貞130038･楠木正成129436･北畠顯家131838らとの豊島河原合戰で敗れ九州へ落ちのびてゐた。そこで、正成は後醍醐天皇に、狀況が有利なうちに足利方との和睦を進言したが、後醍醐はこれを聽かず、義貞に高氏追討を命じた。正成はなほも和睦を進言したことで朝廷の不信を買ひ、追討軍から外され、國許での蟄居を命じられた。
義貞は播磨國で籠城する足利方の赤松則村127750の攻城に手間取り、さうかうしてゐるうちに高氏は態勢を立て直し、捲土重來を始めた。博多を高師直??1351らと發ち、備後の鞆津を經て、四國で細川･土岐･河野が率ゐる海軍と合流し、海路を東上してきた。これにより、撤退を餘儀なくされた新田軍に赤松勢が追撃、新田軍は算を亂し寝返りや投稿者を出しながら京都へと敗走、五月十三日に兵庫に着いた頃には兵は痩せ細ってゐた。
この報を受けた後醍醐は正成を頼った。正成は、足利軍を京都に引き入れて新田軍と楠木軍で挟撃する作戦を進言したが、近臣の坊門清忠が「たびたびの動座は體面が惡い」と却下。後醍醐も兵庫で決戰せよと正成に命じ、五月十六日、義貞への援軍となって正成は兵庫へ向かった。
二十四日、湊川で合流。義貞に朝廷での事を話し、その夜、二人は酒を酌み交はした。
翌日。水軍のない義貞は海からの備へに兵を割き、自身は和田岬に二萬五千の兵で布陣した。
正成は一族の七百餘騎で湊川の西の宿に布陣、陸地からの敵に備へた。
合戰が始まった。鬨の聲があちこちで上がり、敵味方入り亂れた。
↓
以下の詳細な經過は『太平記』の活寫で史實としてはアテにならないが、
後世の日本人が愛好する悲劇の英雄の最後を正成正季は演じ、互ひに互ひを刺し貫いて戰死した。

1336/0704：楠木正成129436、敗死（自害）

Kusunoki Masashige was a 14th-century samurai who fought for Emperor Go-Daigo 096後醍醐尊治128839天皇 in the Genkō War, the attempt to wrest rulership of Japan away from the Kamakura shogunate and is remembered as the ideal of samurai loyalty.
His origin has not been validated and it was merely six years between the start of his military campaign in 1331 and his demise in 1336.
He received the highest decoration from the Meiji government of Japan in 1880.

（楠妣庵観音寺蔵、伝・狩野山楽画）

⇩
Masasige, his army completely surrounded, was down to only 50 of the original 700 horsemen. According to legend, his brother Masasue's last words were Shichisei Hōkoku! (七生報國; "Would that I had seven lives to give for my emperor!") and Kusunoki Masashige agreed

1336/0704：楠木正季??1136、敗死（自害）

Kusunoki Masasu'e、河内国の土豪で、楠木正成129436の弟。七郎帯刀と称した。

1456/0704：Ottoman wars in Europe:
 The Siege of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade) begins.

1534/0704：
Christian III is elected King of Denmark ＆ Norway.

1541/0704：スペインコンキスタドル Pedro de Alvarado 148541、死去

Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras fue un adelantado y conquistador español que participó en la conquista de Cuba, en la exploración por Juan de Grijalva del golfo de México y de las costas de Yucatán, y en la conquista del Imperio azteca dirigida por Hernán Cortés.
Puede considerársele como conquistador de gran parte de América Central —Guatemala, Honduras y El Salvador— y pudo haberlo sido también del Perú, pero renunció a ello tras enfrentarse primero, y negociar después, con el adelantado Diego de Almagro.

「黄金を欲しがる豚のやうな男」と云へば豚に失禮になる、とまで云はれた男。

1610/0704：Battle of Klushino
 is fought between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia during the Polish–Muscovite War.

1623/0704：イギリス 作曲家 William Byrd 154023、死去

an English composer of the Renaissance.
He wrote in many of the forms current in England at the time, including various types of sacred and secular polyphony, keyboard (the so-called Virginalist school), and consort music.

1635/0704(寛永12/0520)：日本、江戸幕府、第三次鎖國令
日本人の海外渡航･渡航者の歸國･長崎以外への外國商船の入港を禁止。
The Edo Shogunate issued the Third Chaotoku Decree, banned overseas traveling to Japanese Southeast Asian countries, returning home visitors, and banning foreign merchant ships from outside Nagasaki.

1744/0704：Treaty of Lancaster,
 in which the Iroquois cedes lands between the Allegheny Mountains & the Ohio River to the British colonies, was signed in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

1761/0704：イギリス最初の小説家 Samuel Richardson 168961、死去

an 18th-century English writer and printer.
He is best known for his three epistolary novels: Pamela: Or, Virtue Rewarded (1740), Clarissa: Or the History of a Young Lady (1748) and The History of Sir Charles Grandison (1753).
Richardson was an established printer and publisher for most of his life and printed almost 500 different works, including journals and magazines.

1767/0704(明和04/0609)：日本の戯作者 曲亭馬琴176948、誕生

曲亭 Kyokutei 馬琴 Bakin was a late Edo period gesaku 戲作 author best known for works such as Nansō Satomi Hakkenden 南総里見八犬傳 (The Chronicles of the Eight Dog Heroes of the Satomi Clan of Nansô) and Chinsetsu Yumiharizuki 椿説弓張月 (Strange Tales of the Crescent Moon). Both are outstanding examples of nineteenth-century yomihon 讀本, or "books for reading" (as opposed to picture books and books for recitation).
ほとんど原稿料のみで生計を営むことのできた日本で最初の文藝家

by Kunisada (国貞)

 

1774/0704：
Orangetown Resolutions are adopted in the Province of New York, one of many protests against the British Parliament's Coercive Acts

1776/0704：American Revolution:
The United States Declaration of Independence is adopted by the Second Continental Congress.

1778/0704：American Revolutionary War:
American forces under George Clark capture Kaskaskia during the Illinois campaign.

1790/0704：イギリス 地理学者 George Everest 179066、誕生

a British surveyor and geographer who served as Surveyor General of India from 1830 to 1843. He is best known for having Mount Everest, the highest mountain on Earth, named in his honour.

1802/0704：USA
At West Point, New York, the United States Military Academy opens.

1804/0704：USA 小説家 Nathaniel Hawthorne 180464、誕生

an American novelist, dark romantic, and short story writer.

≫ 友として信頼した者がないならば、敵が現れもてもそれが敵と見分けられぬだろう。『緋文字』1850
｛さういふものか？

1807/0704：イタリアの愛國者 Giuseppe Garibaldi 180782、誕生

un generale, patriota, condottiero e scrittore italiano.
Noto anche con l'appellativo di "eroe dei due mondi" per le sue imprese militari compiute sia in Europa sia in America Meridionale, è la figura più rilevante del Risorgimento e uno dei personaggi storici italiani più celebri al mondo.

He is considered by the historiography and popular culture of the twentieth century influenced by it, the main Italian national hero.

1826/0704：USA 作曲家 Stephen Forster 182664、誕生

an American songwriter known primarily for his parlor and minstrel music.
He wrote over 200 songs; among his best-known are "Oh! Susanna", "Hard Times Come Again No More", "Camptown Races", "Old Folks at Home" ("Swanee River"), "My Old Kentucky Home", "Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair", "Old Black Joe", and "Beautiful Dreamer".

 

1826/0704：USA
Death of U.S PresidentsThomas Jefferson 174326（3rd president of the United States）dies the same day as John Adams 173526（2nd president）on the fiftieth anniversary of the adoption of the United States Declaration of Independence.

1826/0704：John Adams 173526、死去

an American statesman and Founding Father who served as the first Vice President (1789–97) and second President of the United States (1797–01).
He was a lawyer, diplomat, political theorist, and a leader of the movement for American independence from Great Britain. He was also a dedicated diarist and correspondent, particularly with his wife and closest advisor, Abigail.

1826/0704：Thomas Jefferson 174326、死去

an American Founding Father who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third President of the United States from 1801 to 1809.
A proponent of democracy, republicanism, and individual rights motivating American colonists to break from Great Britain and form a new nation, he produced formative documents and decisions at both the state and national level. He was a land owner and farmer.

 

1831/0704：James Monroe 175831、死去

an American statesman and Founding Father who served as the fifth President of the United States from 1817 to 1825.
Monroe was the last president of the Virginia dynasty, and his presidency ushered in what is known as the Era of Good Feelings. Born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, Monroe was of the planter class and fought in the American Revolutionary War. He was wounded in the Battle of Trenton with a musket ball to his shoulder. After studying law under Thomas Jefferson from 1780 to 1783, he served as a delegate in the Continental Congress

 

1831/0704：USA文藝
Samuel Francis Smith writes "My Country, 'Tis of Thee" for the Boston, Massachusetts July 4 festivities.

1837/0704：イギリス
Grand Junction Railway, the world's first long-distance railway, opens between Birmingham and Liverpool.

The railroad company Grand Junction Railway takes on the train operation in England with steam locomotives on one of the first long-distance trains, the connection Birmingham-Warrington. She will take you to Liverpool.

1840/0704：
RMS Britannia is the first ship to be used in the postal service.The shipping company Cunard Line establishes regular steam ship connections between Liverpool and Halifax as well as Boston. 

 

1848/0704：フランス文人 François-René de Chateaubriand 176848、死去

François-René, vicomte de Chateaubriand est un écrivain et homme politique français.
Il est considéré comme l'un des précurseurs du romantisme français et l'un des grands noms de la littérature française.

Tombeau de Chateaubriand face à la mer sur le rocher du Grand Bé.

こんな墓場だったら、いいなあ

1855/0704：USA文藝
Walt Whitman's book of poems "Leaves of Grass" is published In Brooklyn.

1862/0704：イギリス文藝、Alice 誕生
Lewis Carroll tells Alice Liddell a story that would grow into Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequels.

チャールズ・ラトウィッジ・ドジソン（ルイス・キャロル）がヘンリ・ジョウジ・リデルの三人の娘人とボウト遊びをした。その時、二番目のアリスに即興で話した話を、その後彼女への贈り物にするために手書きして『地下の国のアリス』（『不思議の国のアリス』の原型）と題した。それが史上もっとも有名な童話となった。

キャロルが撮したアリスの寫眞

1863/0704：American Civil War「Siege of Vicksburg」
 Vicksburg, Mississippi surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant after 47 days of siege. 150 miles up the Mississippi River, a Confederate Army is repulsed at the Battle of Helena, Arkansas.

1863/0704：American Civil War:
The Army of Northern Virginia withdraws from the battlefield after losing the Battle of Gettysburg, signalling an end to the Southern invasion of the North.

1868/0704(明治01/0515)：幕末から維新へ「戊辰戦争」上野決戰

Boshin war, battle in Ueno.

1872/0704：German Empire
Im Rahmen des Kulturkampfes, verbietet die Jesuiten Gesetz die Anwesenheit von Jesuiteneinrichtungen auf dem Boden des Deutschen Reiches.

Under the Culture battle, the anti-Jesuit law prohibits the presence of Jesuit establishments on the soil of the German Empire.

1878/0704：Swedish polar explorer
 Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld & his Auxiliar sailor Vega are heading for the Arctic.
After hibernation in the pack ice, the first passage through the north-east passage will succeed.

1879/0704：Anglo-Zulu War:
The Zululand capital of Ulundi is captured by British troops and burned to the ground, ending the war and forcing King Cetshwayo to flee.

1886/0704：フランス、アメリカに自由の女神を贈る
France offer the Statue of Liberty to the people of the USA.

1886/0704：カナダ太平洋鉄道
Canadian Pacific Railway's first trans-continental trans-continental rail service reaches Port Moody in British Columbia.

1887/0704：パキスタン
The founder of Pakistan, Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, joins Sindh-Madrasa-tul-Islam, Karachi.

1888/0704：ドイツ 文学者 Hans Theodor Storm 181788、死去

ein deutscher Schriftsteller, der als Lyriker und als Autor von Novellen und Prosa des deutschen Realismus mit norddeutscher Prägung bedeutend war.
Er war studierter Jurist und arbeitete unter anderem als Rechtsanwalt und Richter.

1892/0704：西サモアで七月四日が二度も
Western Samoa changes the International Date Line, causing Monday (July 4) to occur twice, resulting in a year with 367 days.

1894/0704：
The short-lived Republic of Hawaii is proclaimed by Sanford Dole.

1898/0704：船舶衝突事故
En route from New York to Le Havre, the ocean liner SS La Bourgogne collides with another ship and sinks off the coast of Sable Island, with the loss of 549 lives.

1902/0704：USA マフィアの会計士 Meyer Lansky 190283、誕生

(born Meier Suchowlański) known as the "Mob's Accountant", was a major organized crime figure who, along with his associate Charles "Lucky" Luciano, was instrumental in the development of the National Crime Syndicate in the United States.

1902/0704：フィリピンvsアメリカ
Philippine–American War is officially concluded.

セオドア･ルウズベルト米大統領が公式聲明。
⇧
アメリカはフィリピン人による傀儡政権をつくり、日本の脅威に対処するために、クラクフィルドに極東最大の空軍基地を置き、フィリピン人12万人に軍事訓練を命じた。

1904/0704：中國、中國歷史上最後一次科舉考試。
The final enumeration will be implemented in history.

1910/0704：USA、ProBoxing
African-American boxer Jack Johnson knocks out white boxer Jim Jeffries in a heavyweight boxing match, sparking race riots across the United States.

1911/0704：USA、北東部を熱波が襲ふ
A massive heat wave strikes the northeastern United States, killing 380 people in eleven days and breaking temperature records in several cities.

1913/0704：USA、
President Woodrow Wilson addresses American Civil War veterans at the Great Reunion of 1913.

1913/0704：
Der Chemiker Fritz Klatte erhält das Patent für seine Erfindung, den heute massenmäßig wichtigsten Kunststoff der Welt, das PVC（Polyvinyl chloride）

The chemist Fritz Klatte is granted the patent for his invention, today the most important plastic in the world, the PVC (polyvinyl chloride)

1914/0704：六日前サラエボで暗殺された皇太子夫妻の葬儀
The funeral of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie takes place in Vienna, six days after their assassinations in Sarajevo.

1918/0704：WWⅠ「Battle of Hamel」,
 a successful attack by the Australian Corps against German positions near the town of Le Hamel on the Western Front.

1922/0704：ドイツ 撃墜王の弟 Lothar von Richthofen 189422、墜落死

Lothar-Siegfried Freiherr von Richthofen war ein deutscher Jagdflieger im Ersten Weltkrieg.
撃墜王マンフレート・フォン・リヒトホーフェンの弟であり、彼自身も撃墜数40機の撃墜王であった。

 

1927/0704：インドネシア
Sukarno & others will form Indonesian National Party in Indonesia.

1934/0704：フランス  Marie Curie 186734、死去

Marie Skłodowska-Curie, née Maria Salomea Skłodowska est une physicienne et chimiste polonaise, naturalisée française.

 

 

1934/0704：レオ･シラド、核の連鎖反応で特許取得
Leo Szilard patents the chain-reaction design that would later be used in the atomic bomb.

1938/0704：フランスのテニス Suzanne Lenglen 189938、死去

Suzanne Rachel Flore Lenglen est une joueuse de tennis française. Surnommée « la Divine », elle fut la première star internationale du tennis féminin.
Elle possède des records d'un autre temps : 241 titres, une série de 181 victoires, et un pourcentage de 98% de matches gagnés (341-7). Elle s'impose six fois aux Internationaux de France, six fois à Wimbledon, et remporte la médaille d'or olympique du simple dames aux Jeux d'Anvers 1920. Le deuxième court principal du stade Roland Garros porte son nom.

1939/0704：イギリス 分裂症画家 Louis Wain 186039、死去

an English artist best known for his drawings, which consistently featured anthropomorphised large-eyed cats and kittens.
In his later years he may have suffered from schizophrenia (although this claim is widely disputed among many specialists if this is true or not), which, according to some psychiatrists, can be seen in his works.

猫好きな方へ、 ―― 猫好きな者より

 

The Man Who Drew Cats
H. G. Wells said of him, "He has made the cat his own. He invented a cat style, a cat society, a whole cat world. English cats that do not look and live like Louis Wain cats are ashamed of themselves." HGウェルズ云はく「彼は自身の猫をつくりあげた。猫のスタイル、社会、世界そのものを創造した。ルイスウェインが描く猫とは違ふイギリスの猫は、みづからを恥じてしかるべきである」。

最初のうち、發病する以前の彼の繪

そのうち、

妖怪變化していく

 

わらふのはオレたちじゃ、おまへらじゃねえ

1939/0704：USA、MBL、Lou Gehrig,
 recently diagnosed with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, informs a crowd at Yankee Stadium that he considers himself "The luckiest man on the face of the earth", then announces his retirement from major league baseball.

1939/0704：
Huỳnh Phú Sổ founds Hòa Hảo Buddhism.

1941/0704：WWⅡ
Nazi troops massacre Polish scientists & writers in the captured Ukrainian city of Lviv.

1941/0704：WWⅡ、
The Burning of the Riga synagogues: The Great Choral Synagogue in German occupied Riga is burnt with 300 Jews locked in the basement.

1942/0704：WWⅡ、
The 250-day Siege of Sevastopol in the Crimea ends when the city falls to Axis forces.

1943/0704：WWⅡ、Battle of Kursk,
 the largest full-scale battle in history and the world's largest tank battle, begins in Prokhorovka village.

1943/0704：WWⅡ、
In Gibraltar, a Royal Air Force B-24 Liberator bomber crashes into the sea in an apparent accident moments after takeoff, killing 16 passengers on board, including general Władysław Sikorski（the commander-in-chief of the Polish Army & the Prime Minister of the Polish government-in-exile）only the pilot survives.

1946/0704：
Kielce pogrom against Jewish Holocaust survivors in Poland.

1946/0704：
Philippines attains full independence from the United States; after 381 years of near-continuous colonial rule by various powers.

1947/0704：India & Pakistan
"Indian Independence Bill" is presented before the British House of Commons, proposing the independence of the Provinces of British India into two sovereign countries: India & Pakistan.

1949/0704：敗戰後日本、國鐵が第一次人員整理（30700人）を發表
JNR announces the first staff rearrangement (30,700 people). Thereafter, cases involving the JNR settled frequently.

1949/0704：敗戰後日本、アプレゲエル犯罪：金融業の「光クラブ」が『物価統制令』『銀行法』違反容疑で捜査、經營者の山崎晃嗣を逮捕
Investigated the financial industry "Hikari Club" on charges of violating "Price Control Order" & "Banking Law". Arrested manager Yosaki Koji.

1950/0704：
日本、『結社の自由及び団結権の保護に関する条約（ILO87号条約）』が發効。日本の發効日は1966/0614。
Convention on the protection of freedom of association and the right to organize (the ILO No. 87 Convention) has come into force.

1951/0704：アメリカ人、
William Shockley announces the invention of the junction transistor.

1954/0704：USA、
In Cleveland, Ohio, Murder of Shepard that will be the draft of the tv-drama "Fugitive".

1961/0704：
On its maiden voyage, the Soviet nuclear-powered submarine K-19 suffers a complete loss of coolant to its reactor.
The crew are able to effect repairs, but 22 of them die of radiation poisoning over the following two years.

1965/0704：日本
二年前の『吉展ちゃん誘拐事件』の容疑者、営利誘拐罪と恐喝罪の容疑で逮捕。
Two years ago, the criminal of the "kidnappe kidnapping" incident was arrested for kidnapping and extortion charges.

1966/0704：USA
President Lyndon Johnson signs the Freedom of Information Act into United States law. 

1967/0704：日本、首都高速都心環状線が全通

Tokyo Metropolitan Expressway, the city center line is fully opened.

1976/0704：
Israeli commandos raid Entebbe airport in Uganda, rescuing all but 4 of the passengers and crew of an Air France jetliner seized by Palestinian terrorists.

1980/0704：イギリス Gregory Bateson 190480、死去

an English anthropologist, social scientist, linguist, visual anthropologist, semiotician, and cyberneticist whose work intersected that of many other fields. In the 1940s, he helped extend systems theory and cybernetics to the social and behavioral sciences. He spent the last decade of his life developing a "meta-science" of epistemology to bring together the various early forms of systems theory developing in different fields of science.[2] His writings include Steps to an Ecology of Mind (1972) and Mind and Nature (1979).
Where others might see a set of inexplicable details, Bateson perceived simple relationships. In "From Versailles to Cybernetics," Bateson argues that the history of the twentieth century can be perceived as the history of a malfunctioning relationship. In his view, the Treaty of Versailles exemplifies a whole pattern of human relationships based on betrayal and hate. He therefore claims that the treaty of Versailles and the development of cybernetics—which for him represented the possibility of improved relationships—are the only two anthropologically important events of the twentieth century.

1981/0704：日本の映画男優 木村功192381、死去

Kimura Isao was a Japanese actor.
He appeared in several films directed by Akira Kurosawa. The first was Stray Dog (1949) as Yusa the criminal. Perhaps his most notable collaboration with Kurosawa was in Seven Samurai as the youngest of the samurai, Katsushiro.
During his career he also appeared in several films directed by Mikio Naruse as well as appearing in the famous Lone Wolf and Cub film series. In addition to a film career spanning almost thirty years, Kimura founded and directed an acting company which ultimately went bankrupt. He died of esophageal cancer at 57 years old.
日本の男優、黒澤明の『野良犬』や『七人の侍』で印象的な若者を演じた

1982/0704：
3 Iranian diplomats & a journalist are kidnapped in Lebanon by Phalange forces almost 34 years ago, and their fate remains unknown.

1987/0704：In France,
 former Gestapo chief Klaus Barbie (a.k.a. the "Butcher of Lyon") is convicted of crimes against humanity and sentenced to life imprisonment.

フランスで、「リヨンの虐殺者」と呼ばれた元ナチス親衛隊大尉のクラウス･バルビに終身禁固刑の判決。

1992/0704：リベルタンゴ Astor Piazzolla 192192、死去

Astor Pantaleón Piazzolla fue un bandoneonista y compositor argentino considerado uno de los músicos más importantes del Siglo XX, y el compositor más importante de tango en todo el mundo.

1954年、タンゴに限界を感じたピアソラはクラシックの作曲家をめざしてフランスに渡った。パリでナディア･ブウランジェに師事する。当初自分のタンゴ奏者の経歴を隠していたが、ナディアにタンゴこそがピアソラ音楽の原点であることを指摘され、タンゴ革命の可能性に目覚める。

1994/0704：Rwandan Genocide:
Kigali（the Rwandan capital）is captured by the Rwandan Patriotic Front, ending the genocide in the city.

1997/0704：
NASA's Pathfinder space probe lands on the surface of Mars.

1998/0704：
Japan launches the Nozomi probe to Mars, joining the United States & Russia as a space exploring nation.

2012/0704：
Discovery of particles consistent with the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider is announced at CERN.

2016/0704：イラン 映画作家 Abbas Kiarostami 194016、死去

(en persan : عباس کیارستمی, Abbās KiārostamiÉcouter) est un réalisateur, scénariste et producteur de cinéma iranien né le 22 juin 1940 à Téhéran en Iran et mort le 4 juillet 2016 à Paris en France.
Dans le monde du cinéma depuis les années 1970, Kiarostami signe plus de quarante films dont des courts métrages, des documentaires ou encore des films dramatiques. La critique l’a majoritairement loué pour des œuvres telles que Close-up, la trilogie de Koker (Où est la maison de mon ami ? en 1987, Et la vie continue en 1991 et Au travers des oliviers en 1994), ou Le Goût de la cerise en 1997 et Le vent nous emportera en 1999.

Art of Heart ∈ 思考 69 空想 ∋ Word of World