03/11：惡夢のごとき日本の歴史「昨日は大空襲、今日は大地震

Art of Heart ∈ 思考 69 空想 ∋ Word of World

東大寺、大佛殿

歴史暦：古今東西　０３／１１　今日の出來事

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0222/0311：ロウマ皇帝 Heliogabalus 020322、暗殺
Emperor Elagabalus is assassinated, along with his mother, Julia Soaemias, by the Praetorian Guard during a revolt. Their mutilated bodies are dragged through the streets of Rome before being thrown into the Tiber.

十九歳の皇帝ヘリオガバルスが近衛隊プラエトリアニによって暗殺。

Elagabalus, also known as Heliogabalus (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus), was Roman emperor from 218 to 222. A member of the Severan dynasty, he was Syrian, the second son of Julia Soaemias and Sextus Varius Marcellus.
In his early youth he served as a priest of the god Elagabalus in the hometown of his mother's family, Emesa.
As a private citizen, he was probably named Sextus Varius Avitus Bassianus.
Upon becoming emperor he took the name Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus. He was called Elagabalus only after his death.

Le rose di Eliogabalo (Lawrence Alma-Tadema, 1888,

Elagabalus developed a reputation among his contemporaries for extreme eccentricity, decadence, and zealotry.
This tradition has persisted, and with writers of the early modern age he suffers one of the worst reputations among Roman emperors. Edward Gibbon, for example, wrote that Elagabalus "abandoned himself to the grossest pleasures and ungoverned fury".

0843/0311：
An official ceremony in the basilica of Hagia Sophia, presided over by the Empress of Byzantium Theodora restores the worship of images.

1161/0311：中國[南宋]、首次發行紙幣會子。

The first time the Southern Song Dynasty issued banknotes.

1387/0311：Battle of Castagnaro:
 English condottiero Sir John Hawkwood leads Padova to victory in a factional clash with Verona.

1499/0311：Swiss Confederates decide
 in a daily affidavit that in the battles of the recently started Swabian war against the Swabian League and the House of Habsburg no prisoners should be made and wounded enemy fighters "dismissed".

1513/0311：ロウマ教皇
Leo X from the Medici family took office as Roman pontiff

il cardinale Giovanni de 'Medici, figlio di Laurent de Medici, viene eletto papa e diventa il 217 papa della Chiesa cattolica, sotto il nome di Leone X. (fine del pontificato nel 1521).

Raffaello, Ritratto di papa Leone X con i cardinali Giulio de' Medic e Luigi de' Ross, 1518~9

 

1514/0311：ルネサンスの建築家 Donato Bramante 144414、死去

Donato "Donnino" di Angelo di Pascuccio detto il Bramante è stato un architetto e pittore italiano, tra i maggiori artisti del Rinascimento.
Having reconstructed Roman architecture, he created a classic style, exerting a tremendous influence on subsequent classicalism buildings
｛Leonard da Vinci 145219 のまったくの同世代者。接触もあり。
In 1479 he served Rudovico Sforza of Milan and moved to Milan around 1481. In this court of Milan he met Leonardo da Vinci and became interested in the plan of the centralized church building.

Tempietto 1502 盛期ルネサンス建築の最高傑作とされる

In 1503, he was appointed Pope Julius II, became the chief architect of St. Peter's Basilica, and at the same time it began to expand the Vaticano Palace (Vatican Palace).

Progetto di Bramante per la basilica di San Pietro

1544/0311：イタリア詩人 Torquato Tasso 154491、誕生

un poeta, scrittore e drammaturgo italiano.
La sua opera più importante e conosciuta è la Gerusalemme liberata (1581), in cui vengono cantati gli scontri tra cristiani e musulmani durante la prima crociata, culminanti nella presa cristiana di Gerusalemme.

His most important and well-known work is the liberated Jerusalem (1581), in which the clashes between Christians and Muslims are sung during the first crusade, culminating in the Christian grip of Jerusalem.

1597/0311：フランス、アミアンの包圍
Albert d'Autriche 155921 s'empare d'Amiens.

1602/0311：イタリア作曲家 Emilio de' Cavalieri 155002、死去

un compositore e organista italiano.
Nacque in una nobile famiglia romana, figlio di Tommaso de' Cavalieri, amico di Michelangelo e da questi amato.

1649/0311：
The Frondeurs and the French sign the Peace of Rueil.

The Frondeurs fighting against increasing absolutism in France sign the peace of Rueil with Louis II de Bourbon, Cardinal Mazarin and Anna of Austria as regent for the underage Louis XIV.

1702/0311：イギリス最初の日刊新聞、創刊
The Daily Courant, England's first national daily newspaper is published for the first time.

1708/0311：Queen Anne
 withholds Royal Assent from the Scottish Militia Bill, the last time a British monarch vetoes legislation.

1743/0311：ドイツのライプチヒ、ゲバントハウス樂團
Die Musikgesellschaft Großes Concert gibt in Leipzig ihr erstes Konzert. Aus der Gesellschaft entwickelt sich später das Gewandhausorchester.

1751/0311：イギリス、世界初の新聞コラム記事、登場
John Hill writes the world's first column in the London Adviser and Literary Gazette under his pseudonym The Inspector.

1757/0311：ロンドン、ヘンデルの最後となる
The oratorio The Triumph of Time and Truth, Handel's last work, is premiered in London.

1770/0311：イギリス、James Cook
 discovers on his first South Pacific voyage with the Endeavor a group of islands situated in front of the South Island of New Zealand, the Solander Islands, which he names after the traveling botanist Daniel Solander.

1784/0311：
The signing of the Treaty of Mangalore brings the Second Anglo-Mysore War to an end.

1793/0311：フランス「ヴァンデ戰」Massacre de Machecoul
 des prêtres constitutionnels et 300 sympathisants de la Convention sont massacrés, ce qui constitue le point de départ des guerres de Vendée.

1794/0311：フランス、Création de l'École polytechnique.
In Paris, the École centrale des travaux publics is founded, which later becomes École polytechnique one of the elite universities in France.

1795/0311：インド「Battle of Carda」
Maratha Empire and Maratha alliance and the Nizam Kingdom crash. Maratha side win 

1811/0311：フランスvsイギリス＆ポルトガル
During André Masséna's retreat from the Lines of Torres Vedras, a division led by French Marshal Michel Ney fights off a combined Anglo-Portuguese force to give Masséna time to escape.

1818/0311：バレ振付師 Marius Petipa 181810、誕生

Мариус Иванович Петипа,
Marius Ivanovitch Petipa ;est un danseur, maître de ballet et chorégraphe français qui vécut en Russie de l'âge de 29 ans jusqu'à sa mort.

1818/0311：イギリス文藝、Mary Shelley's Frankenstein
 was published, provocatively written while her husband claimed that no woman could write a book of interest.

1824/0311：USA、先住民対策
The United States Department of War founds the Bureau of Indian Affairs to look after the needs of Native Americans and their reserves.

1829/0311：メンデルスゾン、バッハ『マタイ受難曲』復活上演
Mit der ersten Wiederaufführung der Matthäuspassion von Johann Sebastian Bach nach dessen Tod durch die Sing-Akademie zu Berlin begründet Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy eine Bach-Renaissance im 19. Jahrhundert.

With the first performance of the St. Matthew Passion by Johann Sebastian Bach after his death by the Sing-Akademie zu Berlin, Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy establishes a Bach renaissance in the 19th century.

1838/0311：日本、明治の指導者 大隈重信183822、誕生

Ōkuma Shigenobu、a Japanese politician in the Empire of Japan and the 8th (June 30, 1898 – November 8, 1898) and 17th (April 16, 1914 – October 9, 1916) Prime Minister of Japan.
Ōkuma was also an early advocate of Western science and culture in Japan, and founder of Waseda University 早稲田大學.

1841/0311：北大西洋で船舶事故
The paddle steamer President, the largest steamship of its time, leaves New York with 109 people on board for Liverpool. It will be sighted for the last time on March 13, after which it will disappear without a trace on the North Atlantic.

1845/0311：原住民の決起
New Maori uprising against the British colonizer in New Zealand.

Flagstaff War: Unhappy with translational differences regarding the Treaty of Waitangi, chiefs Hone Heke, Kawiti and Māori tribe members chop down the British flagpole for a fourth time and drive settlers out of Kororareka, New Zealand.

1848/0311：カナダで、
Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine and Robert Baldwin become the first Prime Ministers of the Province of Canada to be democratically elected under a system of responsible government.

During the revolution in the Empire of Austria, the committee of St. Wenceslas was founded in Bohemia, which shortly thereafter was renamed the National Committee and called for an independent state.

1851/0311：
Prima a Venezia dell'opera di Verdi Rigoletto.

The first performance of Rigoletto by Giuseppe Verdi takes place in Venice.
L'opera di Giuseppe Verdi Rigoletto con il libretto di Francesco Maria Piave, dopo il dramma Le roi s'amuse di Victor Hugo, debutta a Venezia. L'opera sarà un grande successo.

1861/0311：American Civil War:
 The Constitution of the Confederate States of America is adopted.

1861/0311：ポルトガル、リスボンに國立天文臺、創設
en Lisboa, se coloca la primera piedra para el Observatorio de Lisboa.

1862/0311(文久02/0211)：日本[幕末]「公武合體」
皇女和宮が降嫁して將軍徳川家茂と婚儀

1864/0311：イギリス「Great Sheffield Flood」
 kills 238 people in Sheffield, England.

The Dale Dyke dam in England breaks, the tidal wave devastates large parts of Sheffield and claims about 270 casualties.

1867/0311：またもヴェルディのオペラ、初演

A Parigi, la prima versione francese della grande opera di Giuseppe Verdi, Don Carlos, sarà presentata in anteprima dopo l'omonima opera di Friedrich Schiller.

ヴェルディのオペラ『ドンカルロ』がパリで初演。昨日からヴェルディだけでもこれで何件目だ。

1869/0311：西洋人、パンダを發見
アルマン･ダヴィドが（中国四川省で配色の特殊なクマの毛皮に出会う)。

1872/0311：南ウエルズで、
Construction of the Seven Sisters Colliery, South Wales, begins; located on one of the richest coal sources in Britain.

1878/0311：日本の横綱 二代目梅ヶ谷藤太郎187827、誕生

Umegatani Tōtarō II (梅ヶ谷 藤太郎) was a sumo wrestler.
He was the sport's 20th yokozuna. Umegatani had a great rivalry with yokozuna Hitachiyama Taniemon 常陸山谷右衞門. Their era was known as the Ume-Hitachi 梅常陸 Era and it brought sumo to heights of popularity never before seen in the Meiji period.

1878/0311：

The Academy of Sciences accuses Thomas Edison of using a ventriloquist during the presentation of the phonograph.

1879/0311：日本「琉球処分」
 明治政府が琉球藩を廃して沖縄県を設置し、琉球藩王の尚泰王には東京居住を命じる。

Ryukyu was abolished and incorporated in Kagoshima Prefecture. Ryukyu is officially annexed by Japan.

1881/0311：訪日中のハワイ國王、明治天皇と會談

日本訪問中のハワイ王国の国王カラカウアが赤坂仮御所を訪問、明治天皇と会談。ハワイ＆アジア連合を構築し明治天皇がその盟主となること、また姪のカイウラニを日本の皇室に嫁がせることなどを提案する。
｛もしこれが実現してゐたら、その後の歴史はどうなってゐただらうと想像してみたくなる。大陸の滿蒙と海洋のハワイ、兩翼を廣げたやうではないか。

1882/0311：フランスのルナン、Nation について
Dans son discours à la Sorbonne sur «Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?», L'historien français Ernest Renan exprime l'idée d'une confédération européenne.

In his speech at the Sorbonne on "What is a nation?", French historian Ernest Renan expresses the idea of a European confederation.

1883/0311：ロシア帝國の外相 Alexandr Gorchakov 179883、死去

глава русского внешнеполитического ведомства при Александре II, последний канцлер Российской империи (с 1867).
the head of the Russian Foreign Ministry under Alexander II, the last Chancellor of the Russian Empire (since 1867).

A sketch of an alumnus Александр Сергеевич Пушкин 179937 who painted Gorchakov of his school days

In 1856 right after the Crimean War, he was appointed as Foreign Minister from Emperor Alexandre II and since then he has worked as a foreign minister through Alexander II's reign

1885/0311：労働時間を十一時間、女子の夜間労働を禁止、
In Austria-Hungary legal work regulations are issued.
The maximum working time is set to eleven hours. Forbidden are night work for women and adolescents as well as child labor.

1888/0311：USA、The Great Blizzard of 1888,
 shutting down commerce and killing more than 400.

An incipient blizzard begins to paralyze life on the East Coast of the United States. The massive snowstorm rages for three and a half days. At the end of the Wetterunbilden about 400 deaths are counted.

1890/0311：USA科學者 Vannevar Bush 189074、誕生

an American engineer, inventor and science administrator, who during World War II headed the U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), through which almost all wartime military R＆D was carried out, including initiation and early administration of the Manhattan Project.

He is also known in engineering for his work on analog computers, for founding Raytheon, and for the memex, a hypothetical adjustable microfilm viewer with a structure analogous to that of hypertext.

In 1945, Bush published the essay "As We May Think" in which he predicted that "wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified".
The memex influenced generations of computer scientists, who drew inspiration from its vision of the future.
He was chiefly responsible for the movement that led to the creation of the National Science Foundation.

1891/0311：暗黙知の思想家 Michael Polanyi 189176、誕生

Hungarian-British polymath, who made important theoretical contributions to physical chemistry, economics, and philosophy. He argued that positivism supplies a false account of knowing, which if taken seriously undermines humanity's highest achievements.

1928年、Leo Szilard 189864、Eugene Paul Wigner 190295、John von Neumann 190357とともにソ連問題研究会をつくった。｛このハンガリ人たちは物凄い。二十世紀における文化にはたしたハンガリ人の功績はユダヤ人のそれに勝るとも劣らないやうに私には思はれる。じつに物凄い天才ばかりだ。

≫ Any attempt to organize the group ... under a single authority would eliminate their independent initiatives, and thus reduce their joint effectiveness to that of the single person directing them from the centre. It would, in effect, paralyse their co-operation.

1901/0311：日本文藝
国木田独歩が初の作品集『武蔵野』を出版

1904/0311：ドイツ人「ジャイロコンパス」の使用に成功
Ein Prototyp des Kreiselkompasses wird erfolgreich in der Ostsee von Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe auf dem Dampfer Schleswig getestet.

A prototype of the gyrocompass is successfully tested in the Baltic Sea by Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe on the steamer Schleswig.

1906/0311：日本、東京で市民暴動
路面電車の運賃値上げに反対した市民が路面電車を焼き討ち、焼失車両54に、検挙者200人以上。

1907/0311：反ナチ運動家 Helmuth von Moltke 190745、誕生

ein deutscher Jurist, Widerstandskämpfer gegen den Nationalsozialismus und Begründer der Widerstandsgruppe Kreisauer Kreis.

モルトケは国際法に違反する命令を公然と批判したため、1944年1月にゲシュタポにより逮捕された。
1945/01、モルトケやクライザウサークルのメンバはロラントフライスラの人民法廷に起訴された
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モルトケは1945年1月11日に死刑判決を受け、12日後にベルリンプレッツェンゼ刑務所で絞首刑となった。獄中からモルトケが子供たちに送った手紙には、「ナチスが政権を握って以降、その犠牲を和らげ、道を変えようと努めてきた。私は自分の良心、そして男としての務めに従った」と

1907/0311：メッテルニヒの料理長 Franz Sacher 181607、死去

ein österreichischer Koch und Konditor; er gilt als der Erfinder der international bekannten Sachertorte.

16-jährig und Lehrling im zweiten Jahr in der Hofküche des Hauses Metternich, als der Herr des Hauses im Jahr 1832 seine Küche anwies, für sich und seine Gäste ein besonderes Dessert zu kreieren. „Dass er mir aber keine Schand’ macht heut Abend!“, sagte er. Doch der Chefkoch war krank, und so musste – zumindest der Legende nach – der Lehrling Franz diese Aufgabe übernehmen. Die von diesem komponierte Schokoladentorte soll den Gästen sehr gemundet haben – womit die Geschichte der Sachertorte begann.

Sachertorte im Hotel Sacher in Wien

16 years old and apprentice in the second year in the court kitchen of the Metternich house, when the master of the house in 1832 instructed his kitchen to create a special dessert for himself and his guests. "That he does not scare me tonight!" He said. But the head chef was ill, and so had - at least according to legend - the apprentice Franz take over this task. The chocolate cake composed by this one is said to have tasted very much the guests - which began the story of the Sachertorte.

 

1907/0311：USA、National Historical Park
The Chaco Canyon in New Mexico, a center of the Pueblo culture between 850 and 1250, is designated as the National Monument of the USA. Today it is a National Historical Park.

1908/0311：イタリア愛國者 Edmondo De Amicis 184606、死去

uno scrittore e giornalista italiano.
È conosciuto per essere l'autore del romanzo Cuore, uno dei testi più popolari della letteratura mondiale per ragazzi.

Cuore, copertina di un'edizione Garzanti

1910/0311：USA、國立自然史博物館、創設
In Washington, D.C., the National Museum of Natural History opens despite unfinished construction.

1912/0311：中國[中華民國]、臨時大統領の袁世凱、
中華民国臨時約法を公布、施行。

Temporary Great Commissioner Yuan Shikai, The Provisional Law of the Republic of China was promulgated and implemented.

1914/0311：イギリス人、アジアに勝手な線を引く

イギリスの外交官 Hマクマホンが、イギリス領インド帝国、ロシア帝国、モンゴル、チベット、中華民国北洋政府等の相互干渉地帯で、イギリス領インド帝国とチベット地方政府による国境線「マクマホンライン」を引く。
British diplomat Henry McMahon draws the borderline "McMahon Line" between the British Indian Empire and the Tibetan regional government in a mutual interference zone such as the British Indian Empire, the Russian Empire, Mongolia, Tibet, the Royal Government of the Republic of China etc.

1915/0311：Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider 191590、誕生

American psychologist and computer scientist who is considered one of the most important figures in computer science and general computing history.

He is particularly remembered for being one of the first to foresee modern-style interactive computing and its application to all manner of activities; and also as an Internet pioneer with an early vision of a worldwide computer network long before it was built.
He did much to initiate this by funding research which led to much of it, including today's canonical graphical user interface, and the ARPANET, the direct predecessor to the Internet.

1915/0311：WWⅠ
Entry into force of a British blockade of Germany.

1916/0311：WWⅠ
Inizia la quinta battaglia di Isonzo sul fronte italiano che durerà otto giorni.

The fifth battle of Isonzo on the Italian front begins and will last eight days.

1917/0311：WWⅠ、Mesopotamian campaign:
 Baghdad falls to Anglo-Indian forces commanded by General Stanley Maude.

1918/0311：スペイン風邪の流行
The first case of Spanish flu occurs, the start of a devastating worldwide pandemic.

1920/0311：Lazer研究 Nicolaas Bloembergen 192017、誕生

a Dutch-American physicist and Nobel laureate, recognized for his work in developing driving principles behind nonlinear optics for laser spectroscopy

彼はまず磁気共鳴において優れた業績をあげたが、特に物質中の不均一磁場の影響により広がった磁気共鳴スペクトルに飽和によるくぼみを作り、その回復の様子から緩和過程を研究した業績は有名
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In 1954, Charles Hard Townes succeeded in Maser 's experiment, but Bloombergen proposed the 3 - level maser for the first time and expanded the practicality of Maser.

1920/0311：日本vsロシア「尼港事件」發生

Николаевский инцидент Nikoláyevskiy Intsidyént
「尼港」とはロシアの都市「ニコラエフスク」の略号。
冬には港が氷結して交通が遮斷されるニコラエフスクを、ロシア人三千･朝鮮人一千･中國人三百のパルチザンが來週、占據し、掠奪虐殺など縱におこなった。同時に、日本軍守備隊に武器の引き渡しを要求、これにたいして決起した日本軍守備隊を中國海軍とともに殲滅すると、老若男女別なく數千人の市民を虐殺した。そのなかには日本人の居留民をはじめとして領事一家なども含まれてゐた（日本人の犠牲者は判明してゐるだけでも731名）。建物は破壊され、街はまさしく廢墟となった。
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この事件が結果的に日本の反撥を招いて、1918/08に始まった日本のシベリア出兵を長引かせた。

Территория Сахалинской области в 1914—1920 годах. 

Административный центр - Николаевск.

 

1921/0311：リベルタンゴ Astor Piazzolla 192092、誕生

Astor Pantaleón Piazzolla fue un bandoneonista y compositor argentino considerado uno de los músicos más importantes del Siglo XX, y el compositor más importante de tango en todo el mundo.
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1954年、タンゴに限界を感じたピアソラはクラシックの作曲家を目指して渡仏し、パリでナディア･ブウランジェに師事する。当初、彼は自分のタンゴ奏者の経歴を隠していたが、ナディアにタンゴこそがピアソラ音楽の原点であることを指摘され、タンゴ革命の可能性に目覚める。
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1924/0311：日本、甲子園球場、起工式

 

 

1925/0311：Buster Keaton『Seven Chances』大入り
The silent movie comedy Seven Chances by Buster Keaton comes to American cinemas. In contrast to Keaton, the criticism of the film shows unanimous enthusiasm, which is also a financial success.

1927/0311：苦界淨土の 石牟礼道子192718、誕生

Ishimure Michiko、une poétesse et une écrivaine japonaise.

代表作『苦海浄土 わが水俣病』は、水俣病の悲劇を鎮魂の文学として描き出した作品として絶賛された。

1930/0311：ドイツの経済思想家 Silvio Gesell 186230、死去

ein deutscher Kaufmann, Finanztheoretiker, Sozialreformer und Begründer der Freiwirtschaftslehre.

主著『自然的経済秩序』では、あらゆるものが減価するのに通貨だけが減価しないために金利が正当化され、ある程度以上の資産家が金利生活者としてのらりくらり生きている現状を問題視し、これを解決するために自由貨幣、具体的には「スタンプ貨幣」という仕組みを提案した。これは一定の期間ごとに紙幣に一定額のスタンプを貼ることを使用の条件とすることで通貨の退蔵を防ぎ、流通を促進させ貸出金利を下げるのが目的である。他に、男性に経済的に依存することなく女性が子育てに専念できるようにするための、自由土地の思想に基づいた母親年金も提唱している
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日本では地域通貨とゲゼル通貨が関連づけて記憶されているが、彼自身は地域通貨（正確には国家以外が管理する通貨）には反対し、国家が責任を持って管理しインフレもデフレもなく流通する通貨制度を理想とした。
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ケインズは『雇用・利子および貨幣の一般理論』でゲゼルの思想を考察し「将来の人々はマルクスの精神よりもゲゼルの精神からより多くのものを学ぶであろう」と斷言した。
＆
ドイツの作家のエンデはゲゼルの影響を受けてゐることは、彼の代表作『モモ』を讀めば解る。

1931/0311：映画初期の大監督 Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau 188831、死去

einer der bedeutendsten deutschen Filmregisseure der Stummfilmära.
Sein vom Expressionismus beeinflusstes Schaffen, seine psychologische Bildführung und die damals revolutionäre Kamera- und Montagearbeit Murnaus eröffneten dem jungen Medium Film neue Möglichkeiten. Zu seinen berühmtesten Werken zählen Nosferatu – Eine Symphonie des Grauens (1922), Der letzte Mann (1924), Faust – eine deutsche Volkssage (1926) und Sonnenaufgang – Lied von zwei Menschen (1927).

In 1931, in collaboration with documentary filmmaker Robert Flaherty 188451, "Tabu" was completed, but just after that, he died on Santa Monica by car accident on March 11.

1931/0311：現代のメディア王 Rupert Murdoch 1931--、誕生

an Australian-born American media mogul.
journaliste et homme d'affaires australien, 88e fortune mondiale en 2006.

1936/0311：ドグラ･マグラ 夢野久作188936、死去

Yumeno Kyūsaku est un écrivain japonais . Son vrai nom était Sugiyama Naoki 杉山直樹.
父は、玄洋社系の国家主義者の大物、杉山茂丸。長男はインド緑化の父と言われる杉山龍丸。三男の杉山参緑は詩人となった。

1921年 32歳、九州日報新聞記者時代

1938/0311：WWⅡドイツ
Der österreichische Bundeskanzler Kurt Schuschnigg tritt nach einem Ultimatum von Adolf Hitler mit den Worten, „dass er der Gewalt weiche“, zurück. Der Nationalsozialist Arthur Seyß-Inquart bildet eine neue Regierung. Am gleichen Tag erteilt Hitler die Militärische Weisung für den Einmarsch in Österreich zum Anschluss Österreichs.

The Austrian Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg resigns after an ultimatum from Adolf Hitler with the words "that he shuns violence". The National Socialist Arthur Seyss-Inquart forms a new government. On the same day, Hitler issued the Military Instruction for the invasion of Austria to annex Austria.

1941/0311：WWⅡ USA
 President Franklin Roosevelt signs the Lend-Lease Act into law, allowing American-built war supplies to be shipped to the Allies on loan.

Roosevelt signs the Lend-Lease Act, which makes it possible for the United States, which was still neutral in World War II, to first defend Britain, later BC. a. also to provide the Soviet Union on loan with war-important material.
レンドリース法（武器貸与法）が制定される。

1942/0311：WWⅡ、Battle of the Philippines:
 General MacArthur retreats from Corregidor Island.

1943/0311：WWⅡ
The British 8th Army repulses violent German counterattacks in Tunisia.

1945/0311：WWⅡ
 The Imperial Japanese Navy attempts a large-scale kamikaze attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet anchored at Ulithi atoll in Operation Tan No. 2.

1945/0311：WWⅡ
 The Empire of Vietnam, a short-lived Japanese puppet state, is established with Bảo Đại as its ruler.

フランス領インドシナがフランスから独立。ベトナム帝国を成立させ、日本への恭順を宣言。

1946/0311：
Rudolf Höss, the first commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp, is captured by British troops.

1947/0311：アメリカ人「scoop stretcher」特許、取得
Wallace Robinson receives a US patent for the invented scoop stretcher, which is used in the recovery and rescue accident.

1948/0311：日本、WWⅡ中におこなはれた九州大学での米兵の生体解剖事件の軍事裁判が開廷（横浜軍事法廷、判決8月27日）

｛遠藤周作の『海と毒藥』で讀み、それを熊井啓が映画化したのを觀た。感想は、史實に圧倒され、藝術を云々する氣にはならなかった。戰後の文藝の多くが私に感じさせたものは、文藝といふよりその題材となった史實のはうの迫力であった。戰後文學のかうした傾向がやがて、フィクションからノンフィクションへの移行となっていく。文藝の、小説の時代は過ぎ去ったのだ。小説は消費されつくしたが、物語は永遠のチカラタカラをそなへてゐて、マンガアニメゲイムにと活用されていく。

 

1955/0311：ペニシリン Alexander Fleming 188153、死去

a Scottish physician, microbiologist, and pharmacologist.
His best-known discoveries are the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the world's first antibiotic substance benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G) from the mould Penicillium notatum in 1928,

He wrote many articles on bacteriology, immunology, and chemotherapy.

1960/0311：USA、Pioneer project:
NASA launches the planetary probe "Pioneer No.5".

1966/0311：インドネシア、スカルノからスハルトへ
In Indonesia, General Suharto takes power through a coup against President Sukarno, who, while formally in office, is de facto deprived of power.

インドネシアのスカルノ大統領が、政治権限をスハルト陸将に委譲する「3月11日命令書」にサインし、スハルトが大統領代行に就任

1967/0311：統計學者 Walter Andrew Shewhart 189167、死去

an American physicist, engineer and statistician, sometimes known as the father of statistical quality control and also related to the Shewhart cycle.
↓
In 1938 his work came to the attention of physicists W. Edwards Deming and Raymond T. Birge. The two had been deeply intrigued by the issue of measurement error in science and had published a landmark paper in Reviews of Modern Physics in 1934. On reading of Shewhart's insights, they wrote to the journal to wholly recast their approach in the terms that Shewhart advocated.
The encounter began a long collaboration between Shewhart and Deming that involved work on productivity during World War II and Deming's championing of Shewhart's ideas in Japan from 1950 onwards. Deming developed some of Shewhart's methodological proposals around scientific inference and named his synthesis the Shewhart cycle.

1969/0311：SF作家 John Wyndham 190369、死去

John Wyndham Parkes Lucas Beynon Harris was an English science fiction writer best known for his works written using the pen name John Wyndham, although he also used other combinations of his names, such as John Beynon and Lucas Parkes. Some of his works were set in post-apocalyptic landscapes. His best known works include The Day of the Triffids (1951) and The Midwich Cuckoos (1957), the latter filmed twice as Village of the Damned.

ウィンダムのSFは、惑星間の大災害がまさに「他の人々」（それに立ち向かう準備ができている人々）には起こらず、我々の繊細で複雑に入り組んだ文明はそれを扱えない、という主張において流行を作り出したと考えることもできる。同様に『海竜めざめる』で異星人が我々人類にはおかまいなしに地球を改造し始めたとき、ウィンダムは生態系全体の崩壊を強調しており、時代に先行していた。彼は一貫して人類が生態系の一部だと見ており、自然界は弱肉強食（テニスン風に言えば "red in tooth and claw"）だと見ていた。

1970/0311：In Cambodia,
 several tens of thousands of protesters ransacked the embassies of North Vietnam and the Provisional Government of South Vietnam in Phnom Penh.

1972/0311：SF作家 Fredric Brown 190672、死去

an American science fiction and mystery writer.
He is known for his use of humor and for his mastery of the "short short" form—stories of 1 to 3 pages, often with ingenious plotting devices and surprise endings. Humor and a somewhat postmodern outlook carried over into his novels as well.

1975/0311：Vietnam War:
 North Vietnamese and Viet Cong guerrilla forces establish control over Buôn Ma Thuột commune from the South Vietnamese army.

1977/0311：vietnam War「1977 Hanafi Siege」
 More than 130 hostages held in Washington, D.C., by Hanafi Muslims are set free after ambassadors from three Islamic nations join negotiations.

1978/0311：イスラエルで「Coastal Road massacre」
 At least 37 are killed and more than 70 are wounded when Fatah hijack an Israeli bus, prompting Israel's Operation Litani.

Lebanese Fatah members raid two Israeli buses between Haifa and Tel Aviv and take the inmates hostage. The liberation action kills 37 people and injures 79. Three days later, the Israeli army marches under the name Operation Litani in Lebanon for this reason.

1983/0311：パキスタン、核實驗
Pakistan successfully conducts a cold test of a nuclear weapon.

1983/0311：Non-Aligned Summit,
 meeting in New Delhi, accuses Israel of "acts of genocide against the Palestinian people".

1984/0311：日本アニメ
宮崎駿のアニメ映画『風の谷のナウシカ』、日本で封切。

1985/0311：ソ連、ゴルバチョフの登場
Mikhail Gorbachev, 55, is elected general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, succeeding Konstantin Chernenko.

One day after Konstantin Chernenko's death, the Central Committee of the CPSU elects 54-year-old Mikhail Gorbachev as Secretary-General - one of the youngest in her history.
55-летний М.С.Горбачев избран генеральным секретарем Коммунистической партии Советского Союза, преемником Константина Черненко.

1988/0311：USA、
 US President Ronald Reagan invokes economic sanction against Panama.

1988/0311：マレイシア、最大級のモスク、完成
In Shah Alam, the Abdul Aziz Shah Mosque is completed, with the largest mosque in Malaysia, with a capacity of 24,000 people.

1990/0311：
Lithuania declares itself independent from the Soviet Union.

リトアニアが、1940年になされたソビエト連邦への加入は強制併合であったと主張し、無効であるとして連邦からの脱退・独立を宣言。

1992/0311：USA映画監督 Richard Brooks 191292、死去

an American screenwriter, film director, novelist and film producer.
Nominated for eight Oscars in his career, he was best known for Blackboard Jungle (1955), Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958) Elmer Gantry (1960; for which he won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay), In Cold Blood (1967) and Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977).

2004/0311：株式投資家 Philip Arthur Fisher 190704、死去

an American stock investor best known as the author of Common Stocks and Uncommon Profits, a guide to investing that has remained in print ever since it was first published in 1958.
↓
In Common Stocks and Uncommon Profits, Fisher said that the best time to sell a stock was "almost never". His most famous investment was his purchase of Motorola, a company he bought in 1955 when it was a radio manufacturer, and held it until his death. Phillip is remembered for using and proliferating the "scuttlebutt" or "grape vine" tool, in which he searched fastidiously for information about a company. When you scuttlebutt, you make more informed decisions due a better basis for analysis and valuation.

彼は、企業の価値を評価するために「15の質問」を使うことを提案した。
✔その企業は、少なくとも数年は収益が増え続けることを可能にする、十分な市場可能性のある製品やサービスをもっているか?
✔現在売れている製品ラインの潜在的な需要がほとんどなくなったときに、経営陣には会社の収益をさらに伸ばすような製品やプロセスを開発・発展し続ける決意があるか?
✔企業の規模と比べて、どのくらい企業のリサーチと開発努力が効果的であるか?
✔その企業は、平均以上の販売組織があるか?
✔その企業には、十分な利幅があるか?
✔利幅を改善、または維持するために何をしているか?
✔その企業には、労働者・従業員との関係に特筆すべき点があるか?
✔その企業には、企業幹部との関係に特筆すべき点があるか?
✔その企業は、マネージメントに柔軟性があるか?
✔企業の費用分析と会計管理は、どのくらいきちんとしているか?
✔競争相手と比べて、どのぐらいその企業が突出しているかを知る手がかりとなるような、その分野特有の評価できる特徴がなにかあるか?
✔利益という点で、短期間および長期間の見通しがその企業にあるか?
✔予測可能な未来に、企業の成長が著しいために自己資金調達が行われ、その結果株式の総数が増大し、現在の株主が予期していた利益が、ほとんど相殺されてしまうような事態になりそうか?
✔その企業の経営陣は、物事がうまくいっている時には、さまざまな出来事を投資家にどんどん話すのに、問題や損失が生じると、だんまりを決め込んでしまうようなことがあるか?
✔その企業は、完璧な経営体制を敷いているか?

2004/0311：Madrid train bombings:
 Simultaneous explosions on rush hour trains in Madrid, Spain, kill 192 people.

2006/0311：ユウゴ独裁者 Slobodan Milošević 194106、死去

a Yugoslav and Serbian politician and the President of Serbia (originally the Socialist Republic of Serbia, a constituent republic within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) from 1989 to 1997 and President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1997 to 2000. He also led the Socialist Party of Serbia from its foundation in 1990.

He rose to power as Serbian President after he and his supporters claimed the need to reform the 1974 Constitution of Yugoslavia due to both the marginalization of Serbia and its political incapacity to deter Albanian separatist unrest in the province of Kosovo.

2007/0311：グルジア
Georgia claims Russian helicopters attacked the Kodori Valley in Abkhazia, an accusation that Russia categorically denies later.

2009/0311：ドイツで「ヴィネンデン銃乱射事件」発生
Winnenden school shooting: Sixteen are killed and 11 are injured before recent-graduate Tim Kretschmer shoots and kills himself, leading to tightened weapons restrictions in Germany.

2011/0311:1446：東日本大震災、發生

午後2時46分に発生した東北地方太平洋沖地震とそれによって発生した津波、およびその後の余震により引き起こされた大規模地震災害

 

An earthquake measuring 9.0 in magnitude strikes 130 km (81 mi) east of Sendai, Japan, triggering a tsunami killing thousands of people.
This event also triggered the second largest nuclear accident in history, and one of only two events to be classified as a Level 7 on the International Nuclear Event Scale.

 

3.11を1000本超の動画でふりかえる「東日本大震災公開動画検索システム」

 

2012/0311：USA
 U.S. soldier kills 16 civilians in the Panjwayi District of Afghanistan near Kandahar.

2012/0311：フランスで、
La première fusillade de l'incident de tir continu de Midi-Pyrénées s'est produite à Toulouse, en France.

トゥールーズでミディ＝ピレネー連続銃撃事件の最初の銃撃事件が発生。

2016/0311：ブラジルで、
At least 21 people are killed by flooding and mudslides in and around São Paulo, Brazil, following heavy rain.

 

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