02/11：世界を多種多樣に理解するために「歴史をひもとく

Art of Heart ∈ 思考 69 空想 ∋ Word of World

今日が命日の明惠坊高辨117332の樹上座禪圖

歴史暦：古今東西　０２／１１　今日の出來事

日本は建國記念日、昔は紀元節、祝祭日の四大節、戦後廢止され後に紀元節として再制定された。
しかし、私にとっての二月十一日は、折口信夫188753が誕生し、明惠坊高辨117332が逝去した日だ。おそらくは、私の精神にもっとも強い影響をあたへた二人である。

-660/0211：日本[神武天皇即位元年一月一日]、日本の建國
初代の天皇とされる神武天皇が大和橿原で即位（『日本書紀』による。0211はグレゴリオ暦による。1873年に制定）

Traditional date for the foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu 神武天皇.
Legendary beginning of the reign of Jimmu, the mythical first tennō (emperor) of Japan, era of the Japanese era; according to the current state of research, however, the first emperor ruled only from the 5th century AD

0055/0211：ロウマ帝國 Britannicus 004155、死去（暗殺）

Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, heir to the Roman emperorship, dies under mysterious circumstances in Rome. This clears the way for Nero to become Emperor.
↑
Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus , usually called Britannicus, was the son of Roman emperor Claudius and his third wife Valeria Messalina.
For a time he was considered his father's heir, but that changed after his mother's downfall in 48, when it was revealed she had a bigamous marriage without Claudius' knowledge.
The next year, his father married Agrippina the Younger, Claudius' fourth and final marriage. Their marriage was followed by the adoption of Agrippina's son, Lucius Domitius, whose name became Nero as a result.
His step-brother would later be married to his sister Octavia, and soon eclipsed him as Claudius' heir.
Following his father's death in October 54, Nero became emperor.
Britannicus was murdered by Nero sometime on or before 11 February 55, his fourteenth birthday.

Messalina holding her son Britannicus, Louvre.

⇧
Sa mort prématurée inspirera la tragédie Britannicus 1669 de Jean Racine 163999, qui met en scène la dernière journée du jeune homme.
｛かうして、歴史は物語となる=L'histoire devient l'histoire.

 

0200/0211(建安05/0109)：中國[魏]、
曹操打倒の決起計画が発覚し、逮捕された董承ら一派とその三族が処刑。

Dong Cheng ?? 0200 embraced the fear of Cao Cao, which intensifies power, and reconciled by mingling comrades. However, the conspiracy was discovered beforehand, the Dong Cheng clan and his faction were arrested and executed.

 

0244/0211：Gordianus III 022544、崩去（暗殺）
Emperor Gordian III is murdered by mutinous soldiers in Zaitha (Mesopotamia).

(Marcus Antonius Gordianus Pius Augustus) was Roman Emperor from 0238 to 0244. At the age of 13, he became the youngest sole legal Roman emperor throughout the existence of the united Roman Empire.
Gordian was the son of Antonia Gordiana and an unnamed Roman Senator who died before 238. Antonia Gordiana was the daughter of Emperor Gordian I and younger sister of Emperor Gordian II. Very little is known of his early life before his acclamation. Gordian had assumed the name of his maternal grandfather in 238 AD.

Philip transferred the body of the deceased emperor to Rome and arranged for his deification.
Gordian's youth and good nature, along with the deaths of his grandfather and uncle and his own tragic fate at the hands of the enemy, earned him the lasting esteem of the Romans. The soldiers held Gordian in high esteem, as he had possibly sacrificed his life to save them in 244

1160/0211(永暦01/0103)：源義朝112360、死去（暗殺）

Minamoto no Yoshitomo was the head of the Minamoto clan and a general of the late Heian period of Japanese history.
His son Minamoto no Yoritomo 源頼朝114799 became shōgun and founded the Kamakura shogunate 鎌倉幕府, the first shogunate in the history of Japan.

平治の乱で敗走する義朝一行『平治物語繪卷』

平治の亂で敗走、京から東海道を一族とともに下るが武者狩りなどで四散、義朝も馬を失ひながらも尾張國の知多あたりに辿り着き、そこの住人で年來の家人であった長田忠致のもとに身を寄せた。が、恩賞目当てに長田親子に裏切られ、入浴中に襲撃され落命した。京を出てから三日後のことであった。義朝の首は京で獄門にかけられた。

1177/0211：
John de Courcy's army defeats the native Dunleavey Clan in Ulster. The English establish themselves in Ulster.

1232/0211(寛喜04/0119)：日本の高僧 明惠坊高辨117332、入定

Myōe est un moine bouddhiste japonais de l'époque de Kamakura, également connu sous le nom Kōben (高弁), contemporain du moine Jōkei 貞慶115513 et de Honen 法然113312.

むらさきの　雲のうえへにぞ　みをやどす　

風にみだるる　藤をしたてて

1302/0211：フランス
Philippe le Bel fait brûler la bulle Ausculta fili.

# Ausculta, fili (en latin, Écoute, mon fils) est l'incipit et donc le titre donné à une bulle fameuse adressée par le pape Boniface VIII au roi Philippe IV le Bel (5 décembre 1301). Ausculta fili rappelle la supériorité du pouvoir spirituel sur le pouvoir temporel et convoque pour le mois de novembre 1302 un concile à Rome, où le roi de France peut se présenter.

La bataille de Courtrai, en 1302, est une lourde défaite de l'armée de Philippe le Bel en Flandre, mais qui est lavée par la victoire de Mons-en-Pévèle en 1304.

1494/0211(明應03/0106)：武田信虎149474、誕生

Takeda Nobutora was a Japanese daimyō (feudal lord) who controlled the Province of Kai 甲斐, and fought in a number of battles of the Sengoku 戰國 period.
He was the father of the famous Takeda Shingen 武田信玄152173, who was originally named Harunobu 晴信, along with two other sons, Nobushige 信繁 and Nobukado 信廉.

絹本著色武田信虎像 武田信廉筆

1534/0211：Henry VIII of England is recognized as supreme head of the Church of England.

Proclamation of Henry VIII of England as supreme head of the Church and clergy of England.

1543/0211：King Henry VIII of England signs an alliance with Charles V against France.

1573/0211：フランス
Le siège de La Rochelle ordonné par le roi Charles IX commence. Dans la quatrième guerre huguenote, la partie catholique veut renverser la ville laissée aux huguenots comme un havre du protestantisme français et, en cas de succès, espère un effet domino sur d'autres lieux.

1626/0211：エチオピア
Emperor Susenyos I of Ethiopia and Patriarch Afonso Mendes declare the primacy of the Roman See over the Ethiopian Church, and Catholicism to be the state religion of Ethiopia.

1650/0211：René Descartes 159650、死去

（Renatus Cartesius）un mathématicien, physicien et philosophe français.
Il est considéré comme l’un des fondateurs de la philosophie moderne1. Il reste célèbre pour avoir exprimé dans son Discours de la méthode le cogiton — « Je pense, donc je suis » — fondant ainsi le système des sciences sur le sujet connaissant face au monde qu'il se représente.

by Halis

En physique, il a apporté une contribution à l’optique et est considéré comme l'un des fondateurs du mécanisme. En mathématiques, il est à l’origine de la géométrie analytique.
Certaines de ses théories ont par la suite été contestées (théorie de l’animal-machine) ou abandonnées (théorie des tourbillons ou des esprits animaux).
Sa pensée a pu être rapprochée de la peinture de Nicolas Poussin4 pour son caractère clair et ordonné. Le cogito marque la naissance de la subjectivité moderne.

 

1657/0211：Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle 165757、誕生

Bernard Le Bouyer (ou Le Bovier) de Fontenelle est un écrivain et scientifique français.
La note d'éclaircissement de la théorie multilatérale, «Dialogue sur la multitude du monde», a été traduite dans les langues de l'ère européenne et a influencé les intellectuels.

後一ヶ月で百歳となる直前でパリで死亡。

1659/0211：スヱデン、コペンハアゲンを攻める
The assault on Copenhagen by Swedish forces is beaten back with heavy losses.

1745/0211(延享02/0111)：日本地圖制作 伊能忠敬174518、誕生

Inō Tadataka was a Japanese surveyor and cartographer.
He is known for completing the first map of Japan using modern surveying techniques.
In 1800, after nearly five years of study, the Tokugawa shogunate permitted Inō to perform a survey of the country using his own money. This task, which consumed the remaining 17 years of his life, covered the entire coastline and some of the interior of each of the Japanese home islands. During this period Inō reportedly spent 3,736 days making measurements (and traveled 34,913 kilometres), stopping regularly to present the Shogun with maps reflecting his survey's progress. He produced detailed maps (some at a scale of 1:36,000, others at 1:216,000) of select parts of Japan, mostly in Kyūshū and Hokkaidō.

｛五十歳になってからの彼が取り組んで成し遂げた事を思へば、どんな仕事も大變なことではなくなる。と、私も思ったわけですよ。

1790/0211：USA議會、奴隷制
The Religious Society of Friends, also known as Quakers, petitions U.S. Congress for the abolition of slavery.

1794/0211：USA上院、公開
First session of United States Senate opens to the public.

1800/0211：写真発明家 William Henry Fox Talbot 180077、誕生

a British scientist, inventor and photography pioneer who invented the salted paper and calotype processes, precursors to photographic processes of the later 19th and 20th centuries. His work in the 1840s on photomechanical reproduction led to the creation of the photoglyphic engraving process, the precursor to photogravure. He was the holder of a controversial patent which affected the early development of commercial photography in Britain. He was also a noted photographer who contributed to the development of photography as an artistic medium.
写真技術の先駆者の一人で、カロタイプと呼ばれる初期の写真を発明した。
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/London_Street%2C_Reading%2C_c._1845.jpg/1280px-London_Street%2C_Reading%2C_c._1845.jpg　London Street, Reading, c. 1845, a modern positive from Talbot's original calotype negative

1808/0211：
Jesse Fell burns anthracite on an open grate as an experiment in heating homes with coal.

1814/0211：フランスナポレオン
Victoire de Napoléon à la bataille de Montmirail.

Une armée française sous Napoléon Bonaparte défait une armée alliée prusso-russe à la bataille de Montmirail pendant les guerres de libération.

1814/0211：
Norway declared independence from Denmark Norway.

1823/0211：マルタ「Carnival tragedy of 1823」:
 About 110 boys are killed during a stampede at the Convent of the Minori Osservanti in Valletta, Malta.

1826/0211：イギリス、ロンドン大學、開學
University College London is founded as University of London.

The University of London emerges as an alternative to the religious universities of Oxford and Cambridge.

 

1839/0211：熱力學の開創 Willard Gibbs 183903、誕生

an American scientist who made important theoretical contributions to physics, chemistry, and mathematics.
His work on the applications of thermodynamics was instrumental in transforming physical chemistry into a rigorous inductive science.
Together with James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann, he created statistical mechanics (a term that he coined), explaining the laws of thermodynamics as consequences of the statistical properties of ensembles of the possible states of a physical system composed of many particles.
Gibbs also worked on the application of Maxwell's equations to problems in physical optics. As a mathematician, he invented modern vector calculus (independently of the British scientist Oliver Heaviside, who carried out similar work during the same period).
熱力学分野で熱力学ポテンシャル、化学ポテンシャル概念を導入し、相平衡理論の確立、相律の発見など、今日の化学熱力学の基礎を築いた。統計力学の確立にも大きく貢献した。

He said
≫ A mathematician may say anything he pleases, but a physicist must be at least partially sane.
≫ Mathematics is a language. (at a Yale faculty meeting)

1840/0211：パリで、ドニゼッティのオペラ
Gaetano Donizetti's opera La fille du régiment receives its first performance in Paris, France.

At the Opéra-Comique in Paris, the opera La fille du régiment (The Daughter of the Regiment) by Gaetano Donizetti is premiered on the libretto by Jean-François Bayard and Jules-Henri Vernoy de Saint-Georges with lasting success.

1844/0211(天保14\1223)：爲永春水179044、死去

Tamenaga Shunsui was the pen name of Sasaki Sadataka (佐々木貞高), a Japanese novelist of the Edo period. In Japan, he is best known for the romantic novel Shunshoku Umegoyomi『春色梅児誉美 Colors of Spring: The Plum Calendar』, the representative text in the ninjōbon 人情本 genre.
1832天保03、『春色梅児誉美』の初編と二編を出版、大当てして、江戸の男女の恋愛を色濃く綴る『人情本』といふジャンルを創造した。が、
天保の改革で人情本の内容が淫らであるとして、北町奉行遠山景元179355の取り調べを受け、手鎖五十日の刑を受けた。それを苦に深酒して強度の神経症となり、1843天保14の暮に死去。

1847/0211：Thomas Edison 184731、誕生

an American inventor and businessman, who has been described as America's greatest inventor.
He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb.

1854/0211：USA、首都ワシントンに石炭ガス燈
The main streets of Washington, D.C. are lit with coal gas for the first time in the United States.

1855/0211：中國、
石達開率太平軍在江西湖口大敗曾國藩的湘軍。

Shi Ta open rate of the Taiping army in Hunan Hukou defeated Zeng Guofan's Hunan.

1855/0211：エチオピア、
Kassa Hailu is crowned Tewodros II, Emperor of Ethiopia, by Abuna Salama III in a ceremony at the church of Derasge Maryam

1856/0211：東インド會社
The Kingdom of Awadh is annexed by the British East India Company and Wajid Ali Shah, the king of Awadh, is imprisoned and later exiled to Calcutta.

1858/0211：ルルドに聖母マリア、出現
Bernadette Soubirous, témoigne d'une apparition de la Vierge Marie à la grotte de Massabielle, à Lourdes.

According to their own statement, the 14-year-old Bernadette Soubirous witnesses her first Marian apparition near Lourdes.

 

・Bernadette Soubirous 184479：彼女は、南佛のルルド近くの村に生まれた貧乏な農夫の娘であったが、里子に出され羊飼ひになった。そして、1858/0211、彼女は妹らと食事のための薪を拾ひに行き、喘息の發作をおこした彼女は一人遲れて川を渡らうとした時「風の音のやうなものが聞こえて」振り返ったが何事もなかったので、もう一方の靴下を脱ごうとしたらまた同じやうな異變を感じた。周圍の森の木々がはげしく揺れ動き、暗い窪みには柔らかな光が射し、純白を纏った女性が兩手を廣げて、手招きをしてゐるやうであった。少女はおそれおののき、夢かと目を擦ってみたが、女性像は消えることがなかった。彼女はポケットのロザリオに手を伸ばそうとしたが手は動かなかった。聖なる女性像が十字を切ると手が動くやうになった。その後、彼女は先に行った二人に「何か見なかったか」と尋ねた。何も見なかったと答へた二人は好奇心に火を点け「何かあったの」と尋ね、ベルナデットは口外しないやうにと云ってから一部始終を話した。無論、二人は火のついた油紙となって村中に觸れ囘った。

・二日後にも、また「一陣の風」がベルナデットに吹き「婦人の形をした白いもの」が現れた、神父の質問に答へてゐる。この神父は疑ふよりは信ずるタチで、彼には聖書の使徒鄴傳にある聖霊降臨の際に「烈しい風」が立つことを識ってゐた。

・/0214、ベルナデットたち（他の子供たちにも見えるやうになってゐる）は、「白いもの」の正體を確かめるために教會から聖水をもらひ、その「婦人の形をした白いもの」にふりかけると、「あれ」（とベルナデットは呼ぶやうになってゐた）は微笑みを増した、やうに見えた。

・その白い幽霊の話に、前年死んだ自分の娘の靈ではないかと思った婦人がゐた。彼女は娘の靈であるかどうかをたしかめるために、ベルナデットに伴はれて、現れた「それ」に「どうか、御名前をこゝに書いてください」と願ったが、その必要はないと云はれ「これから二週間續けてこゝにおいでなさい」と云はれた。また「わたしはあなたをこの世で幸せにすることは約束できないが、あの世での幸福は約束する」とも云った、といふ。婦人は「あれ」がもしかしたら「聖母マリア」かも知れないと思った。

・この話が噂となってルルドの町に擴がり、現場の洞窟に人々が雲集するやうになった。

・/0225、九囘目となる出現の時には觀客が三五〇人ほども集まり、騷然としたなかにベルナデッドが現れた。洞窟の前で祈りを捧げた後、何か命ぜられでもしたかのやうに少女は肯いて、何かを探す素振りで川の方へ降りて行き、振り返りまた肯き、洞窟の前に戻ってその足元を掘りだした。赤味の帶びた泥水が湧いてきた。それを三度掬って、四度目のを飮んだ。大半の人々は呆れて立ち去った。殘った人々は、ベルナデットが掘った所から滾々と水が湧きだすのをゐた。湧きだす水は次第に透明さを増していった。

・この少女の出来事は警察沙汰になってゐた。少女を連行し訊問したことに、民衆は激昂して警察に押し寄せ、少女は釋放された。

・/0325、受胎告知の祝日であるこの日、ベルナデットは思ひ切って「それ」に名前を尋ねてみた。「それ」は「Que Soy Era Immaculada Councepciou」と答へた、といふ。これはルルド地方のビゴウル方言で「われは無原罪の宿り」といふ意味であった。ベルナデットはラテン語どころか標準フランス語の讀み書きのみならず、話すこともできなかった。

 

・かうして、ルルドはキリスト教の聖地となった。ルルドの泉では多くの奇跡が演じられた。これに各種の文藝が力を貸した
・ベルナデットは愛德修道會の修道女となり、1879/0416、三十五歳でこの世を立ち去った。1933/1208、列聖されて聖女となった。

1861/0211：American Civil War:
 The United States House of Representatives unanimously passes a resolution guaranteeing noninterference with slavery in any state.

1868/0211：実験化学者 Léon Foucault 181968、死去

Jean Bernard Léon Foucault est un physicien et astronome français.
Connu principalement pour son expérience démontrant la rotation de la Terre autour de son axe (pendule de Foucault), il détermina aussi la vitesse de la lumière et inventa le gyroscope.
1851年に地球の自転を証明する「振り子」の実験をおこなった。
1855年には、アルミニウムなどの金属板を強い磁界内で動かしたり、金属板の近傍の磁界を急激に変化させた際に、電磁誘導効果で金属内に生じる渦状の誘導電流である「渦電流」を発見し、療法ともに彼の名前が付けられた。

1869/0211：Else Lasker-Schüler 186945、誕生

eine bedeutende deutsch-jüdische Dichterin. Sie gilt als herausragende Vertreterin der avantgardistischen Moderne und des Expressionismus in der Literatur. Sie trat aber auch als Zeichnerin hervor.

表現主義的な抒情詩のほか、小説や戯曲も作った。文学的出発は自然主義・ユーゲントシュティールの時代に属するが、抒情詩では、神・民族・肉親・異性等への愛をテーマとし、自然や宇宙にも通うような、深い憧憬と女性的感性によって赤裸に歌っている。現実と幻想が溶け合ったメルヘン風の散文作品とともに、内面表象において新境地を開いた。

1869/0211(明治02/0101)：
三浦半島に日本初の洋式灯台である観音埼灯台が完成

 

1873/0211：
Proclamación de la Primera República Española.

During the Third Carlist War, after the abdication of Amadeus of Savoy as King of Spain the day before, the First Spanish Republic is proclaimed.

1874/0211：亜細亜主義者 内田良平187437、誕生

Uchida Ryōhei was a Japanese ultranationalist political theorist, Pan-Asianist, and martial artist, active in the pre-war Empire of Japan.
He was the son of Shinto Muso-ryu practitioner Uchida Ryōgorō, and from an early age was interested in many forms of Japanese traditional martial arts, including kyudo, kendo, judo and sumo.
In 1895, he attended the Toyogo University, where he studied the Russian language and in 1897, made a trip to Siberia.
As a youth, Uchida joined the Genyosha 玄洋社 nationalist group, and soon became the leading disciple of its founder, Toyama Mitsuru 頭山滿185544. The Genyosha was active in raising funds and agitating for a more aggressive foreign policy towards the Asian mainland.
When the Donghak Rebellion began in Korea in 1894, he went to Korea to help the rebels.
After his return to Japan, in 1901, he founded the Black Dragon Society 黒龍會, an ultranationalist society which advocated a strong foreign policy towards Russia and Japanese expansionism towards Korea 朝鮮 and Manchuria 滿洲.
↓

1875/0211：日本[明治維新]、大阪會議、開催
大阪会議：この日、明治政府の中心人物である大久保利通183078･木戸考允183377･板垣退助183719らが大阪で會合し、今後の政治方針（立憲政治の確立など）や参議就任などの案件について協議した。

Osaka Conference: On this day, the main characters of the Meiji government, Okubo Toshimitichi 183078, Kido Kouin 183377, Itagaki Ta'isuke 183719 met in Osaka and discussed on future political policies (establishment of constitutional politics) and inauguration of inauguration did.

1882/0211：
livraison de la première ligne de chemin de fer de La Réunion, entre Saint-Denis et Saint-Benoît.

1883/0211：小林古径188357、誕生

Kobayashi Kokei est un peintre néoclassique.
À l'âge de seize ans, il vient à Tokyo et entre dans l'atelier du peintre Kajita Hanko 梶田半古 et, dès 1912, il expose au Salon du Ministère de l'Éducation (Bunten 文展).
En 1922, il fait un voyage en Europe.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hair_by_Kobayashi_Kokei_%28Eisei_Bunko%29.jpg/800px-Hair_by_Kobayashi_Kokei_%28Eisei_Bunko%29.jpg　『髪』 1931

1887/0211：折口信夫188753、誕生

Orikuchi Shinobu est un ethnologue, poète et romancier, spécialiste de la religion, de la langue et de la littérature japonaises. Comme poète, il a surtout écrit sous le nom de plume de Shaku Chōkū 釋迢空.

 

 

1889/0211：日本、『大日本帝國憲法』『皇室典範』など公布

Meiji Constitution of Japan is adopted; the first National Diet convenes in 1890.
In Japan, the Meiji constitution is passed under Emperor Meiji, a modern constitution based on the European model. Through this act in the course of the Meiji Restoration, Japan is turning from an absolute to a constitutional monarchy.

1889/0211：日本、文部大臣の森有禮184789、暗殺される
伊勢神宮で不敬であったと報じられた文部大臣森有礼が国粋主義者の士族の西野文太郎に刺され、翌日死亡。

The Minister of Education Mori Arinori, who was reported as having an unfavorable attitude in Ise Jingu, is stabbed by Nishino Buntaro, a nationalist. Death the next day.

1898/0211：ハンガリ物理學者 Leo Szilard 189864、誕生

a Hungarian-born German and American physicist and inventor. He conceived the nuclear chain reaction in 1933, patented the idea of a nuclear reactor with Enrico Fermi in 1934, and in late 1939 wrote the letter for Albert Einstein's signature that resulted in the Manhattan Project that built the atomic bomb.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Szil%C3%A1rd_Le%C3%B3_1916.jpg
He is known as a person who made a chance to develop atomic bombs through advice to President Roosevelt through Einstein. Despite playing a major role in the start of the atomic bomb explosion, he tried to prevent the absence of a warning atomic bomb to Japan at the end of World War II
https://is.gd/KwlxRO

1900/0211：落語家 初代談洲樓燕枝183700、死去

江戸出身の落語家。本名は長島傳次郎。江戸小石川春日町の酒屋に生まれる。通称「二葉町の師匠」。
1856安政03、初代春風亭柳枝に入門、春風亭傳枝から初代柳亭傳枝を名乗る。
1861文久01、眞打昇進で初代柳亭燕枝と改名、小日向服部坂の席で披露。三遊派の初代三遊亭園朝183900とは年頃も同じで競争相手となった。
1879明治12、假名垣魯文182994から「あら垣痴文」の筆名をもらふ、のちに「自慢額成」とも名乗った。
1885明治18、初代談洲楼燕枝を襲名し、兩國の中村樓で御披露目。
・九代目市川團十郎とも親交があり、團十郎主催の「三升会」の会員でもあったため「談洲楼（Danjuurou)」と藝名

1900/0211：哲學的解釋學 Hans-Georg Gadamer 190002、誕生

ein deutscher Philosoph. International bekannt wurde er durch sein für die philosophische Hermeneutik grundlegendes Werk Wahrheit und Methode (1960).
（Hermeneutik）と名づけられる、言語テクストの歴史性に立脚した独自の哲学的方法
心理と方法第二部で、從來の解釋學に代はる「哲學的解釋學」を主張。
ロマン主義的・歴史主義的な解釈学は、テクストないし歴史的出来事をその時代から理解すべきだという歴史的意識の要求に従って、形式的な解釈学的循環をテクストや歴史に適用し、理解する者の歴史性を否定してしまった。しかし、ハイデガーによれば、理解（了解）は有限な人間存在の存在様式として、それ自身歴史的なのである。人文科学での理解、過去から伝承されたテクストの理解は、ロマン主義的・歴史主義的解釈学が考えていたように、現在と現在に由来する先入見を排して、時代を飛び越えて、成立時のテクストとかその著者の心情とかを再構成することではない。理解は過去が現在に媒介（橋渡し）される出来事、過去から伝わったテクストの意味への参与である。理解が媒介・参与である以上、テクストの内容を現在に生かす適用は、理解においていつもすでに起きていると考えなければならない。テクストそのものの意味を捉えたあとで、それをあとから自らの状況に適用するのではない
この理解をプラトンの問答術を援用して「問答の弁証法」としても記述 ―― 過去から伝承されたテクストが解釈者に語りかけ、問いかける。テクストの内容の真実性に動かされ、解釈者にとって自明で無意識であった（先入見）が自明性を失ひ、これによってはじめて解釈者は自分の先入見を反省し、問いを立てるようになる。
この哲學的解釋學にたいするハバマスの批判1967に始まる兩者の論爭
↓

1900/0211：創価學會 戸田城聖19058、誕生

Toda Jōsei was a teacher, peace activist and second president of Soka Gakkai from 1951 to 1958.
Imprisoned for two years during World War II under violating the Peace Preservation Law and the charge of lèse-majesté, he emerged from prison intent on rebuilding the Soka Gakkai.

妻子を病気で失い、自らも肺結核を患う中、日蓮正宗信徒になった牧口常三郎の折伏によって戸田も入信。前後して、現在の学習塾の先駆けである「時習学館」を主宰し、学習参考書の走りともいえる『推理式指導算術』を出版する。『推理式指導算術』は評判を呼び、百万部を超えるベストセラーとなった。

1902/0211：建築家 Arne Jacobsen 190271、誕生

Arne Emil Jacobsen gilt als einer der international bedeutendsten Architekten und Designer Dänemarks im 20. Jahrhundert. Seine Entwürfe folgten dem Stil des Funktionalismus.

 

建築家はなぜか椅子を作りたくなる、らしい

1903/0211：ウインで、ブルックナの第九交響曲、初演
Mit der Sinfonie Nr. 9 d-Moll wird in Wien das letzte unvollendete Werk Anton Bruckners in der überarbeiteten Version von Ferdinand Löwe zur Uraufführung gebracht.

Anton Bruckner's 9th Symphony receives its first performance in Vienna, Austria.

1907/0211：船舶事故
In Rhode Island Sound, after a collision with a schooner, the paddle steamer Larchmont sinks. 140 people die.

1915/0211：Richard Hamming 191598、誕生

an American mathematician whose work had many implications for computer engineering and telecommunications. His contributions include the Hamming code (which makes use of a Hamming matrix), the Hamming window, Hamming numbers, sphere-packing (or Hamming bound), and the Hamming distance.
In April 1945 he joined the Manhattan Project at the Los Alamos Laboratory, where he programmed the IBM calculating machines that computed the solution to equations provided by the project's physicists.

≫ コンピューティングの目的は数ではなく洞察である。

1916/0211：USA、女性運動家、逮捕投獄される
In New York, anarchist and peace activist Emma Goldman is arrested after a speech on birth control.

1919/0211：ドイツ初の大統領に
Wahl von Friedrich Ebert zum Reichspräsidenten.

Friedrich Ebert (SPD), is elected President of Germany.

1922/0211：インシュリンが發見される
The discovery of insulin by Frederick Banting and Charles Best is announced in Toronto.

1929/0211：ロウマ教皇庁＆イタリア「ラテラノ条約」
Kingdom of Italy and the Vatican sign the Lateran Treaty.

1931/0211：Charles Algernon Parsons 185431、死去

an Anglo-Irish engineer, best known for his invention of the compound steam turbine.
He worked as an engineer on dynamo and turbine design, and power generation, with great influence on the naval and electrical engineering fields. He also developed optical equipment, for searchlights and telescopes.

First compound steam turbine, built by Parsons in 1887

1934/0211：Manuel Noriega 193417、誕生

a Panamanian politician and military officer who was the de facto ruler of Panama from 1983 to 1989. He had longstanding ties to United States intelligence agencies: however, he was removed from power by the U.S. invasion of Panama.
ノリエガは、1950年代からCIAのために活動していたといわれる。オマル・トリホス政権ではパナマの諜報機関G2の責任者を務め、CIAがG2の訓練を行なっていた。ブッシュ大統領がCIA長官を務めていた1976年当時、ノリエガはCIAから年間11万ドルを受け取り、各地のパナマ大使館から得た情報をCIAに流していた。
一方で、ノリエガはアメリカと敵対するキューバのカストロ政権やニカラグアのサンディニスタ政権など中米・カリブ海の左派政権とも関係を持ち、多重に取引をしていた

1933/0211：Tマン、亡命先から講演
Thomas Mann beginnt eine Auslandsvortragsreise zum Thema Leiden und Größe Richard Wagners; er wird erst nach 1945 erstmals wieder nach Deutschland kommen.

Thomas Mann begins a foreign lecture tour on the subject of suffering and greatness of Richard Wagner; He will not return to Germany until 1945.

1937/0211：日本、文化勲章、制定。

1937/0211：USA、勞働爭議
After 44 days of strike with occupation of factories, General Motors admits the representativeness of the United Auto Workers.

1938/0211：イギリス、
BBC Television produces the world's first ever science fiction television program, an adaptation of a section of the Karel Čapek play R.U.R., that coined the term "robot".

1939/0211：ドイツ、核分裂のメカニズム、解明論文発表
Publication in Nature of the historical article by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch on the mechanism of fission. That same month, Leó Szilárd proposes the blackout of any publication on the subject.

Die Physiker Lise Meitner und Otto Frisch beschreiben in der erschienenen Ausgabe der Wissenschaftszeitschrift Nature theoretische Überlegungen nach der Entdeckung der Kernspaltung und sorgen damit in der Fachwelt für Aufsehen.

1939/0211：USA、大陸横断飛行、新記録？
A Lockheed P-38 Lightning flies from California to New York in 7 hours 2 minutes.

1940/0211：日本、紀元節
皇紀二千六百年紀元節の詔書発布。日本中の神社で祭禮、擧行。

1941/0211：WWⅡ,
 the first units of the German Afrika Korps in Tripoli, which were requested to support the Italian armed forces in Italian Libya, arrived.

1942/0211：WWⅡ
 The Battle of Bukit Timah is fought in Singapore.

1943/0211：WWⅡ
General Dwight D. Eisenhower is selected to command the allied armies in Europe.

1945/0211：WWⅡ、ヤルタ會談、終了

closing of the Yalta conference.（4 au 11 février 1945）
US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Josef Stalin sign a statement on the final day of the Yalta Conference setting Europe's post-World War II reorganization. Among other things, Germany is to be divided into four occupation zones.

1948/0211：映画監督 Sergueï Eisenstein 189848、死去

(Сергей Михайлович Эйзенштейн) was a Soviet film director and film theorist, a pioneer in the theory and practice of montage.

He is noted in particular for his silent films Strike (1925), Battleship Potemkin (1925) and October (1928), as well as the historical epics Alexander Nevsky (1938) and Ivan the Terrible (1944, 1958).

1951/0211：韓國、居昌良民虐殺事件、三日目
朝鮮戦争中の1951年2月9日から2月11日にかけて大韓民国慶尚南道居昌郡にある智異山で韓国軍が共産主義パルチザンを殲滅するための堅壁清野作戦として、民間人719人を虐殺した事件、やうやく終る。

1953/0211：Cold War:
 U.S. President Eisenhower denies all appeals for clemency for Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.

1953/0211：ソ連、イスラエルと断交
The Soviet Union breaks off diplomatic relations with Israel.

1959/0211：
The Federation of Arab Emirates of the South, which will later become South Yemen, is created as a protectorate of the United Kingdom.

1959/0211：日本、紀元節騷動
「紀元節奉祝建国祭大会」参加直後の右翼が、批判的発言をした三笠宮崇仁親王邸に押しかける。

1963/0211：詩人 Sylvia Plath 193263、死去（自殺）

Sylvia Plath was an American poet, novelist, and short-story writer.

Plath was clinically depressed for most of her adult life, and was treated multiple times with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). She took her own life in 1963.
Plath is credited with advancing the genre of confessional poetry and is best known for two of her published collections, The Colossus and Other Poems and Ariel, and The Bell Jar, a semi-autobiographical novel published shortly before her death.
「世界は熟したスイカみたいに私の足元にパックリ開いている」

"
And I
Am the arrow,
The dew that flies
Suicidal, at one with the drive
Into the red
Eye, the cauldron of morning.
“
from the poem Ariel, October 12, 196

1963/0211：

The Beatles record their entire first album Please Please Me between 10:30 and 23:00.

1963/0211：中共
中国共产党开展「四清运动」

Chinese Communist Party to carry out "four clear movement."

1964/0211：ギリシアとトルコ
Greeks and Turks begin fighting in Limassol, Cyprus.

1967/0211：中共、文化大革命「二月逆流」
Cultural Revolution: "February Countercurrent"

1968/0211：Pitirim Alexandrowitsch Sorokin 188968、死去

русский, американский социолог и культуролог. Один из основоположников теорий социальной стратификации и социальной мобильности.
Russian, American sociologist and culturologist. One of the founders of theories of social stratification and social mobility.

a Russian-born American sociologist and political activist, best known for his contributions to the social cycle theory.
Sorokin was a leader among the Democrats leading up to the Russian revolution, and was sought by Lenin's forces after Lenin consolidated his power. After months in hiding, he escaped from the Soviet Union in 1922 and emigrated to the United States, becoming a naturalized citizen in 1930
Sorokin was personally requested to accept a position at Harvard University, founding the Department of Sociology and becoming a vocal critic of his colleague, Talcott Parsons.
Sorokin was an ardent opponent of communism, which he regarded as a "pest of man," and was a deputy of the Russian Constituent Assembly.

In his Social and Cultural Dynamics, his magnum opus, Sorokin classified societies according to their 'cultural mentality', which can be "ideational" (reality is spiritual), "sensate" (reality is material), or "idealistic" (a synthesis of the two).
He suggested that major civilizations evolve from an ideational to an idealistic, and eventually to a sensate mentality. Each of these phases of cultural development not only seeks to describe the nature of reality, but also stipulates the nature of human needs and goals to be satisfied, the extent to which they should be satisfied, and the methods of satisfaction.
Sorokin has interpreted the contemporary Western civilization as a sensate civilization, dedicated to technological progress and prophesied its fall into decadence and the emergence of a new ideational or idealistic era. In Fads and Foibles, he criticizes Lewis Terman's Genetic Studies of Genius research, showing that his selected group of children with high IQs did about as well as a random group of children selected from similar family backgrounds would have done

1968/0211：USA、NYC、
The historically fourth building complex under the name Madison Square Garden opens in New York City.

1969/0211：江藤小三郎194569、死去（焼身自殺）

日本の思想家、社会運動家、陸上自衛官。陸上自衛隊生徒（7期）修了。
父は明治維新の司法卿で佐賀の亂で刑死した江藤新平183474の孫で衆議院議員の江藤夏雄（その父は新平の二男の江藤新作）。
1969昭和44の建國記念日の日に、国会議事堂の前でガソリンをかぶって焼身自決した。理由は ――
『覺醒書』
混沌たる世界、暗雲立籠む皇国。自然科学におかされ地獄道に落ちし民族。
これを救う道、一事に極む。これ大自然に沿いし無私の心なり。無私の心、真我に通ず。真我集へば破るる事なし。国の大事、すべて無私より始まる。
ここに気付き行えばあとは康し。
一皇万民、天皇の許に真我が集う時、皇国毅然として興る。皇子皇民、一丸となり熱鉄玉を呑む勢いにて行えば世界万民を救う道をなすこと難くなし。
我、神命により不生不滅の生を得む。ここに肉体を放棄し永遠の生命を得む。
我「建国の日」に魂魄となりて、民族の危機にあたるものなり。
昭和四十四年二月十一日
辭世
あらあらし 空にこみとり大楠の 大御心を誰ぞ知るらん
かくすれば かくなるものと知りつつも やむにやまれぬ 大和魂

1970/0211：日本、日本初の人工衛星
東大宇宙航空研究所が5回目で人工衛星「おおすみ」の打上げに成功。

Japan is the fourth country to put a satellite in orbit: Ōsumi

1971/0211：Cold War:
87 countries, including the United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union, sign the Seabed Arms Control Treaty outlawing nuclear weapons on the ocean floor in international waters.

The Seabed Treaty is signed in Washington DC, London and Moscow. The negotiated agreement prohibits the stationing of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction on the seabed. It will enter into force on ratification on 18 May 1972.

1972/0211：タイ
The open-air museum for Thai architecture, culture and art Mueang Boran, which is located 30 km south of Bangkok, opens.

1973/0211：Johannes Hans Jensen 190773、死去

ein deutscher Physiker und Nobelpreisträger.
Er erstellte als theoretischer Physiker gemeinsam mit Maria Goeppert-Mayer das Schalenmodell des Atomkerns auf. Hauptwirkungsort nach 1949 war die Universität Heidelberg

1949年シカゴ大学のゲッパート＝メイヤとは独立して原子核の殻モデルを提案した。それまで原子核の構造については液滴模型と呼ばれるモデルが考えられていたが、陽子、中性子の組み合わせで安定な原子核、不安定な原子核のあることを十分に説明することができなかった。イェンゼンらはスピン・軌道力を導入したポテンシャルを考えることによって安定な原子核となる核子の数（魔法数）を説明することに成功した。

1973/0211：Vietnam War:
 First release of American prisoners of war from Vietnam takes place.

1975/0211：
Assassinat du président malgache Richard Ratsimandrava.

1975/0211：イギリス、初の女性首相、誕生
Margaret Thatcher is elected to the head of the British Conservative Party.

In a battle vote against incumbent Edward Heath, the British Conservatives, with Margaret Thatcher, elect a woman as party leader for the first time.

1978/0211：中共、Censorship:
 China lifts a ban on works by Aristotle, William Shakespeare and Charles Dickens.

｛この人選の基準が、わからねえ

1979/0211：イラン
The Iranian Revolution establishes an Islamic theocracy under the leadership of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.

Iranian Prime Minister Shapur Bakhtiar is overthrown. The counter-government of Mehdi Bazargān set up by Chomeini on February 5, 1979, takes over the government.

1981/0211：女權運動家 市川房枝189381、死去

Ichikawa Fusae was a Japanese feminist, politician and women's suffrage leader.
 Ichikawa was a key supporter of women's suffrage in Japan, and her activism was partially responsible for the extension of the franchise to women in 1945.

1981/0211：南アフリカ
Libération de Nelson Mandela.

Around 100,000 US gallons (380 m3) of radioactive coolant leak into the containment building of TVA Sequoyah 1 nuclear plant in Tennessee, contaminating eight workers.

1982/0211：七人の侍 志村喬190582、死去

Shimura Takashi est l'un des plus grands acteurs japonais du XXe siècle.
He is particularly noted for his appearances in 21 of Akira Kurosawa's 30 films (more than any other actor), including as a lead actor in Drunken Angel (1948), Rashomon (1950), Ikiru (1952) and Seven Samurai (1954).

1985/0211：USA映画監督 Henry Hathaway 189385、死去

an American film director and producer. He is best known as a director of Westerns, especially starring Randolph Scott and John Wayne. He directed Gary Cooper in seven films.

1986/0211：SF作家 Frank Herbert 192086、死去

Franklin Patrick Herbert, Jr. was an American science fiction writer best known for the novel Dune and its five sequels. Though he became famous for science fiction, he was also a newspaper journalist, photographer, short story writer, book reviewer, ecological consultant and lecturer.
The Dune saga, set in the distant future and taking place over millennia, deals with complex themes such as human survival and evolution, ecology, and the intersection of religion, politics, and power. Dune itself is the best-selling science fiction novel of all time and the series is widely considered to be among the classics of the genre.

The Oregon Dunes, near Florence, Oregon, served as an inspiration for the Dune saga.

≫ A man is a fool not to put everything he has, at any given moment, into what he is creating. You're there now doing the thing on paper. You're not killing the goose, you're just producing an egg. So I don't worry about inspiration, or anything like that. It's a matter of just sitting down and working. I have never had the problem of a writing block. I've heard about it. I've felt reluctant to write on some days, for whole weeks, or sometimes even longer. I'd much rather go fishing, for example, or go sharpen pencils, or go swimming, or what not. But, later, coming back and reading what I have produced, I am unable to detect the difference between what came easily and when I had to sit down and say, "Well, now it's writing time and now I'll write." There's no difference on paper between the two. — Frank Herbert
https://is.gd/ijcFHe

1986/0211：
During the third and last agent exchange on the Glienicke Bridge between West Berlin and Potsdam, among other things, the Soviet dissident Anatoli Scharanski comes to the West.

1990/0211：南アフリカ、マンデラ
Nelson Mandela is released from Victor Verster Prison outside Cape Town, South Africa after 27 years as a political prisoner.

The South African human rights activist and leader of the African National Congress, Nelson Mandela, is released on condition of Prime Minister Frederik Willem de Klerk after over 27 years of imprisonment without conditions from prison. This marks the beginning of the end of apartheid in South Africa.

1991/0211：
The Hague Peace Palace establishes the Organization of Unrepresented Nations and Peoples (UNPO) based in The Hague. The non-governmental organization receives consultative status from the UN Economic and Social Council.

1992/0211：船舶事故、事件？
Collision between the USS Baton Rouge and K-276 Kostroma near Murmansk in Russia.

A collision of the US nuclear submarine USS Baton Rouge with the Russian submarine K-239 beats political waves: Russian President Boris Yeltsin complains publicly about this incident near the territorial waters of his country.

1993/0211：イギリス、女王にも税金
Queen Elizabeth II agrees to pay taxes on her personal income on the same terms as the ordinary taxpayer.

1994/0211：Paul Karl Feyerabend 192494、死去

an Austrian-born philosopher of science best known for his work as a professor of philosophy

His major works include Against Method (published in 1975), Science in a Free Society (published in 1978) and Farewell to Reason (a collection of papers published in 1987). Feyerabend became famous for his purportedly anarchistic view of science and his rejection of the existence of universal methodological rules. He was an influential figure in the sociology of scientific knowledge.
彼は科学へのアナーキスティックな見方と、普遍的な方法論の否定によって有名になった。https://is.gd/q7Bmdj

1997/0211：USA
Space Shuttle Discovery is launched on a mission to service the Hubble Space Telescope.

1999/0211：天文、冥王星と海王星
For the first time since February 7, 1979, Pluto is further away from the Sun than Neptune.

Pluto crosses Neptune's orbit, ending a nearly 20-year period (since 1979) when it was closer to the Sun than the gas giant; Pluto is not expected to interact with Neptune's orbit for another 228 years.

2000/0211：Roger Vadim 192800、死去

Roger Vladimir Plémiannikov (né Roger Vadim Ardilouze), dit Roger Vadim est un réalisateur, scénariste, acteur, romancier et poète français.
Passionné de cinéma, de littérature, de musique, mais également célèbre « homme à femmes », il a aussi écrit et réalisé des films pour mettre en scène certaines de ses épouses et en faire des stars du grand écran. Parmi elles :
Brigitte Bardot (1952-1957) ;
Annette Stroyberg (1957-1960) ;
Catherine Deneuve (1961-1963) ;
Jane Fonda (1964-1972).

2001/0211：Internet Virus
A Dutch programmer launched the Anna Kournikova virus infecting millions of emails via a trick photo of the tennis star.

2006/0211：日本、東京都渋谷区神宮前の表参道の同潤会青山アパート跡地に表参道ヒルズが開業。

"Omotesando Hills" opened on the site of the "Aoyama apartment" in Omotesando in Shibuya-ku, Tokyo.

2008/0211：
Rebel East Timorese soldiers seriously wound President José Ramos-Horta. Rebel leader Alfredo Reinado is killed in the attack.

In Dili's assassination of East Timor's leadership, President and Nobel Peace Prize laureate José Ramos-Horta is seriously injured, while Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão remains uninjured. The assassin Alfredo Alves Reinado is killed, whereupon his rebel organization collapses.

2011/0211：エジプト「Arab Spring」
 After mass protests in Egypt, President Husni Mubarak resigned after nearly 30 years in power. A military council of senior officers takes office.

Égypte, démission du président Hosni Moubarak à la suite des protestations égyptiennes de 2011.

2014/0211：飛行機事故
A military transport plane crashes in a mountainous area of Oum El Bouaghi Province in eastern Algeria, killing 77 people.

2015/0211：トルコで、
A university student was murdered as she resisted an attempted rape in Turkey, sparking nationwide protests and public outcry against harassment and violence against women.

2016/0211：サウジアラビアで、
A man shoots six people dead at an education center in Jizan Province, Saudi Arabia.

2017/0211：北朝鮮、日本上空通過のミサイル發射
North Korea prompts international condemnation by test firing a ballistic missile across the Sea of Japan.

 

Art of Heart ∈ 思考 69 空想 ∋ Word of World

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